Pharmacy Sales and Inventory System Essay

Chapter I The Background and its Setting Introduction Time is very important in every people especially when we do our job. We have done all at the correct time so that we can meet the quota of the company every day. It is difficult in doing all things manually particularly when you’ve lack of time to do this, like counting the number of items that are already sold, how much is the total amount and determinable number of the stocks of each medicine. The problem in manual is that, a pharmacy assistant has a great chance to make some errors and fraud in inventory because in the processing of sales and inventory usually begins when a customer bought a medicine over the counter and sometimes they have made a wrong total amount of medicine by means of confusion and crowdedness of the customers. They couldn’t determine faster the number of stocks of each item and the out of stock. Since it is often times that the managers do not have enough time or information to check the items sold and remaining, they don’t even know the exact quantity of stocks of the medicine. For the customer, the main problem is that they are waiting for the pharmacy assistant that is looking for the medicine they intended to buy, if they have the particular brand of medicine that they are buying or are they still have a stock. It is also a waste of time to the part of customer. So the main focus of the study is on how can be easily know the amount and quantity of medicine with less effort to the employee and improve the accurate information in a receipt. This paper shows about the inventory system. The Pharmacy Sales and Inventory system is accessible by an administrator. They can customize the interface which can add, edit, filter, and monitor all stock of medicines in the pharmacy. This system will show all the changes made by the administrator. Background of the Study Today, computer has become a part of life. It is evident that most of the country’s institutions still do not use the high technology. Particularly in  pharmacies, daily transactions, inventories and record of sales are still done on paper. People know that modern pharmacies are now operating at great pace striving to serve as many customers as possible with the best of their abilities. But as the years goes by, the number of customers has grown and various cases arise that the manual method of managing customers’ transactions, inventories and updating sales, is no longer practical. In this study, researchers hope to develop a system that will minimize all works of manual methods, therefore allowing owners ease in updating inventory – a system that is fully automated, user-friendly, time effective and efficient. Owner knows that number of customers continually increase, managing a pharmacy can also become increasingly difficult, especially if everything is done manually. The researcher will tend to make a system for the easier way of providing information about the product bought, sold, and stored. In addition, the system will attempt to provide receipts using the new system to show the effectiveness of modernizing the company’s current system. This system tends to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the process done by the company. The convenience of this new system will help to promote the company as well as to help its employees do an easier task for the enhancement of the system process. Statement of the Problem The study will enhance the existing inventory control system for pharmacies for a better inventory management and to eliminate/reduce risks of errors and fraud. It will seek to answer what enhancement and design the pharmacy can adopt for a more effective and efficient inventory system. The researchers aim to answer the following: 1.Will the system provide satisfaction to pharmacies in terms of: a.Reliability b.Maintainability c.Portability d.Functionality e.Security 2.Does Pharmacy Sales and Inventory System helps pharmacist in their management processes and sales? a.Time Efficiency b.Accuracy c.Convenience 3.Does the system will provide correct and reliable information to the pharmacy? a.Information accuracy b.Data consistency 4.Does the system will help provide good quality of service to customers in terms of: a.Quality of products b.Faster transactions Significance of the Study This system provides more efficient and faster transactions to pharmacies. It will also provide better service to the customers. †¢Pharmacist- improves stock management, because the system automatically tells what products are lacking and expired. †¢Customer- provides faster transaction and less time of waiting because the pharmacist can give all the information of the product. †¢Administrator- enables to improve the control of the system and also enables to improve the design, the efficiency of the system. Theoretical Framework This Inventory System is important for any business particularly in Pharmacies. An inventory system must balance having enough inventories on hand to meet the demand of customers while investing as little money as possible in inventory. The scope of an inventory system considers which needs the inventory system addresses. These include valuing the inventory, measuring the change in inventory and planning for future inventory levels. The value of the inventory at the end of each period provides a basis for financial reporting on the balance sheet. Measuring the change in inventory allows the company to determine the cost of inventory sold during the period. The inventory level and changes allow the company to plan for future inventory needs. This Pharmacy Information System is a computerized system that handles many one of many outpatient functions, such as taking prescription orders, prescription entry, and pricing of the medications, to fill and refill medication, medication inventory, and the financial management and purchasing Conceptual Framework Scope and Limitation This system will focus on the list of the medicine in the pharmacy that will keep the computerized record of the medicines, it will also store the details of the medicines and can print all the records, and all the sales will be stored in the sales history and the changes will be recorded at the change log, so that the community in the place/city will assure in this system. Only the IT personnel can edit the prizes and the stock of medicine and only the pharmacist can access this system. Definition of terms Sales and Inventory System- software-based solution used to simultaneously track sales activity and inventory Pharmacy- a store where medicinal drugs are dispensed and sold Data- fast and statistics collected together for reference or analysis Medicinal Drugs- something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease Pharmacist- a person who is professionally qualified to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs Customer- a person that buys goods or services from a store or business

Leadership police

The police force in the US is one of the most controversial departments of the criminal justice.   The nature of duties assigned to the police requires high sense of responsibility, discipline, integrity and openness.   As law enforcers, police are supposed to adhere to a strict code of ethics which spells the do’s and don’ts for police officers in the course of executing their duties and their general conduct especially with the public, victims and offenders.   This paper discusses leadership issues affecting police in an effort to analyze how leadership of the police affects job performance for the police officers. Barbuto, (1997) defines leadership as the offering of guidance and motivation to subordinates in an effort to get things done.   Leadership is very central to the performance of an organization as it is viewed as the engine of an organization.   Good leadership leads to increase in job performance due to highly motivated staff.   In addition, good leadership creates an environment ideal for a team spirit to thrive something which eventually leads to achievement of organizational or group goals (Bass, 1999). On the contrary, poor leadership brings about low morale in the team as well as low job performance compared to the situation whereby a good leadership results into a synergetic effect which is lacks when subordinates lack a sense of direction and therefore end up pulling in different directions (Sparrowe, Soetjipto, & Kraimer, 2006).   A job as a law enforcement requires team spirit because of the fact that most missions call for execution by teams. To be able to achieve the desired results, team members have to connect well, resolve conflicts in a positive manner and adhere to the stipulated code of ethics (Cothern, 2006).   Law enforcers are required to particularly function in accordance to the code of ethics, given the fact they are subjected to a lot of scrutiny by the media, and watch bodies, such as human rights bodies.   On top of the above, police officers are expected to demonstrate high public relations and communication skills. This guidance is supposed to come from the top leadership.   How communication is done in the law enforcement department can have a bearing in the performance of the law enforcers especially those dealing with K-12 level students where a lot of scrutiny is directed at by concerned parents who constantly want to be assured of their children’s safety.   Poor leadership leads to low moral in the work force something which results in poor job performance hence poor service delivery to the public (Neider, & Schriesheim, 1996).   This has both direct and indirect associated costs to the citizens given the fact that, the law enforcers are responsible for maintaining security, law and order in the society. Therefore, a less motivated workforce has implications on rate of crime as well as rise in insecurity.   In an increasingly free market economy, law enforcers who may feel uncomfortable with poor leadership are likely to quit job and join private companies or other government departments of their choice.   There is a need for good leadership inorder to avoid the high officer turnover which is very costly to the government given the high cost of training officers which is usually borne by the government. Poor leadership in the law enforcement department results in poor team spirit and therefore defragmentation.   This is risky especially in this post 9/11 era whereby the police force must remain as intact as possible to avoid infiltration.   Competency, unity and commonness of purpose is what is highly required in the police force.   Several measures can be taken to ensure the above is achieved. Conclusion Such measures include motivation of officers through introduction of incentives such as pay-for-performance, career growth and development opportunities, protection from victimization, provision of an enabling job environment such as modern crime control equipment as well as improving the quality of life of officers through pay increases.   All the above are only possible if the police department is going to embrace good leadership strategies by adopting hybrid leadership methods and perhaps depart from the rigid and conservationist bureaucratic leadership which is highly centralized. References Barbuto, J., (1997). Taking the Charisma Out of Transformational Leadership.   Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12(3), p. 689-697.   Retrieved February 26, 2007, from EBSCOhost database. Bass, B. M. (1999).   On the taming of charisma: A reply to Janice Beyer. Leadership Quarterly; Winter 1999, 10(4), p. 541-553. Cothern, C. (2006). Leader’s Insight: Leaders’ Top Three Mistakes.   Christianity Today International/Leadership Journal. Neider, L. & Schriesheim, C. (1996).   Path-goal leadership theory: The long and winding road. Leadership Quarterly,  ­7 (3). Sparrowe, R., Soetjipto, B., & Kraimer, M. (2006).   Do Leaders’ Influence Tactics Relate to Members’ Helping Behavior? It Depends on the Quality of the Relationship.   Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), p. 1194-1208.

Final Year Project: Project Report

Final Year Project Review Tutorials 5. Project Profile Document Part 2 Preparation This tutorial will take place in the week beginning 25th February 2013. Check your on-line timetable for details. Before the tutorial, you should prepare and print out a draft copy of Part 2 of your Project Profile Document. This part of the document is all about the context of your project. Think of it as the sort of thing you might use to help you prepare for a job interview to show that you have an awareness of the industries closely related to your project and the professional requirements made on engineers working in them.It should include: †¢ †¢ For your project: o Environmental and sustainability limitations o Customer and user needs and aesthetics o Cost drivers o Fitness for purpose in terms of production, operation, maintenance and disposal For companies and organisations working in fields relating to your project, (you may choose a single company or organisation, or describe activi ty in the sector as a whole): o Opportunities and threats faced by the company/sector o The general management techniques used to control quality and ensure that engineering objectives are met The ways in which sustainable development is promoted in the sector o Legal requirements governing engineering activities in the sector o Particular requirements for professional and ethical conduct Peer Review & Feedback 1. 2. 3. Swap your draft section with another member of the class. Using the form provided, prepare a review of the document you have been given to read including some suggestions for changes/improvements. Go through your review with the report’s author and then get feedback on your own report from your reviewer.Write an action plan to update your Project Profile Document Final Year Project Review Tutorials Progress Report 1. 2. Using the form provided, write and hand in a summary of your progress to date. Hand your review and progress report to the tutor, to be scanne d and then returned to you. Copies of all documents will be made available to all academic staff. 5. Project Profile Document Part 2 1 Final Year Project Review Tutorials Review – Project Profile Document Part 2 Student ID Student Name Author ReviewerThe following sections should be completed by the reviewer and discussed with the author. Comment on how well you think the student has presented broader design Project context considerations of the project Industry context As a reader, comment on how you think that the author has helped you to understand the economic, social and environmental context of the industries that work in the project’s field Following discussion with the reviewer, the author should write a summary of the changes that will be made in the next draft of this section 5. Project Profile Document Part 2 2

Fashion in Pop Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion in Pop Culture - Assignment Example The women also wore hip huggers; these were jeans that sat inches below the normal waistline. The jeans were known as dungarees and were usually amazingly tight. The ladies who sported them were fervent to decorate them with studs or embroidery. Some owners even bleached them to vary the color. Skirts and dresses in the ‘60s and ‘70s were in 3 lengths: the mini dress which barely reached the knee; the midi which reached between the ankle and the knee; and the maxi that reached the floor. All teenage girls wanted a mini dress like the one of Marcia Brady (Wertz 17).Young men admired the gleaming white 3-piece Saturday Night Fever suit of John Travolta (Classic70s). It looked fashionable as portrayed in the media. How Media Influenced Fashion in Pop Culture in the ‘80s There is no other fashion decade that has been more influenced by the media, particular movies, and TV than the 1980s. This decade was the MTV generation. Together with the twenty-four hour television broadcasting of music videos, TV shows including Bill Cosby Comedy Show, Miami Vice and Dynasty, and movies such as Pretty in Pink and Flashdance set the tone of fashion. This decade was also a period of decadence, and the mantra â€Å"the bigger, the better† that influenced hairstyles on a grand scale was prominent (Dziemianowicz). In conjunction with the above-mentioned influencers of the 1980s fashion, former Princess Diana’s love of fashion brought in a blood-thirst for designer clothing – Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, Perry Ellis and Nolan Miller became household names. Popular icons, such as Michael Jackson with his beaded glove, Madonna and Material Girl, were also major influencers. Image 7: Designer clothing such as Calvin Klein were well known in the ‘80s (Dziemianowicz). Image 8: Madonna and Princess Diana were major influencers of women and young girls globally in the ‘80s (Mazzulo). Glasses with plastic and large frames were very fashionable for both men and women during the decade. Image 9: Sylvester Stallone with ‘80s glasses that were in fashion (Hanckock) How Media Portrayed Fashion in Pop Culture in the ‘90s In the 1990s, fashion in pop culture started with a mix of preppie, grunge and hip hop. The media through the music industry, Hollywood, and television gr eatly influenced fashion in pop culture during this decade (Horton 23). The industry influences were so potent that ladies went for plastic surgeries for the Baywatch inspired boob job. Image 10: Trendy fashion in pop culture during the ‘90s (Wertz). Image 11: Mini dresses and skirts were popular among

The dichotomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The dichotomy - Essay Example On one hand, the student feels achieved by mere success appraisal of the individual, which is a function of a number of considerations as discussed below. Theorists of the incremental perspective of learning place meaning on the perception of learning and intelligence, where flexible notions of learning determine how an individual associates success to a task. Proponents of this perspective hold the view that students see opportunities in their own experiences and hold little credit on the views of other persons. Opinion on the evaluation outcomes does not make a huge impact on the perceptions held on individual performance. In light of the demands of learning, effort made towards a task amount to an experience rewarding enough that the opinion of an evaluator would not significantly change the overall satisfaction obtained. Incremental view of the learning process is that the opinion of the appraising individual is secondary to the essential part of the task, whether quality is achieved of otherwise (Shippensburg University 2012, para.7). Despite the demands of an appraisal likely to form part of the learning assignment, the student attaches meaning to the learning experience as opposed to appraisal. Perhaps one of the reasons why the student opts to employ personal evaluation strategy could arise from available alternatives to appraisal. The evaluation aspect by a team as an optional functionality in the determination of success upon learning the piece of music gives the student a choice of evaluation alternatives, personal appraisal included on the list of appraisal methods. In view of making choices from the different options of evaluation available to students, the students with a higher belief on their performances may opt to make the appraisal by their own volition not only demonstrate the logic of their interpretation to learning but also potential to evaluate. Despite the fact that

Why do we have to pay $3 for a gallon of gas Research Paper

Why do we have to pay $3 for a gallon of gas - Research Paper Example It is important to note that the oil prices are dependent on the six super major companies of oil and gas. These super majors are BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Total. Oil accumulates between various layers of the porous rocks or other subsurface. Thus, the main idea is to locate the right convergence necessary in creating the required oil pool. Geologists find possible oil locations to explore through aerial photographs. Initially, oil wells were drilled at random locations or around other established oil wells. However, now oil is located using a vibrator to cause vibrations that geologists listen to and process data using computers into seismic lines. Once a location is found, then the explorers now undertake the drilling process. After drilling the oil well, a measuring device is then lowered into this oil hole and the information about the earth properties are gathered (Research, 214). This information includes such aspects as the density, type of rock that is present and the fluid contained in the rocks. After finding this information, if the hole is promising, then the drilling process is continued. If this hole is not a good location requi red, then the hole is filled up and the entire process begins all over again. Main sources of oil drills The world gets its daily ration of over 85 million oil barrels from over 4000 fields. Most of these are small with less than 20000 barrels each day. However, there are major oil giants that produce over 100000bpd. Then there is the category of the mega fields that produce over 1000000 bpd. These are recognized as the most important sources of oil in the world. The top most of these mega oil giants is the Ghawar in Saudi Arabia. It accounts for over 100 billion oil barrels. It is 160 miles long and 16 miles in width. The secret to the reservoirs longetivity is its water injection. From the 1960s. Saudi Armco commenced injecting water underneath the

Hiring issue in Law firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hiring issue in Law firm - Essay Example nterviewee, Blumentrath described the importance of maintaining a well-groomed appearance and carrying an outstanding, up-to-date resume in order to gain positive attention from the organizational recruiter. One key aspect that the presenter believed was important was for the interviewee to proactively identify potential questions that might be presented during the interview. This is to ensure that there are quality communications between the recruiter and the candidate so that the interviewee is able to show interest and dedication toward understanding the principles of the law firm. From the interviewer’s perspective, these elements help set the candidate apart from the rest by showing their enthusiasm and loyalty toward the business where they wish to be employed. Critically speaking, these are many commonly-understood principles associated with recruitment and the interview process that only served as an elementary reiteration of important concepts to gain competitive edge against other candidates. Blumentrath was much more candid when it came to presenting the importance of appearance and dress in this industry. For example, women were informed to ensure that they did not have too much of their cleavage showing from a choice of low-cut dress. What she referred to as the dip test consisted of a self-test involving the ability to touch the collarbone with the tip of the thumb while laying the hand on the chest to make a certain shape. If the test passes, then the dress is considered appropriate for this environment. She also used humorous statements about keeping an extra pair of pantyhose at the desk and a less revealing cardigan in the drawer when dealing with more conservative clients. This dress discussion reinforced the importance of image in this industry and how to take action to ensure that there is always a strategy for working with diverse clients. This was an excellent eye-opener regarding how appearance will be considered by others, such as

Assignment #27 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment #27 - Essay Example On the contrary, the civil population is deliberately kept ignorant of the internal issues of law and its executive and judicial aspects. Even as the police publicize the revolts within the cultural matrix of a close society, the exhibit clear double standards as the misdeeds of many police officers like Fuhrman are covered up at any cost. Simpson raises questions regarding the integrity of system of democratic government as it quite often keeps the general public in the dark regarding the political dynamics of the country and its inherent corrupting forces of power. He concludes that a society which is quick on punishing the minorities for the slightest offence should show the same amount of diligence when it comes to the police officers who abuse the minorities. Otherwise, the increasing cases against the minorities can be the result of such policemen with racist outlooks patrolling the streets of Los Angeles. 3. Simpson’s premises are both subjective and objective. He refers to his individual case where the police leaked false information to sway public opinion against him. But they showed dual standards when they hid the two lawsuits against Fuhrman and allowed his promotions to take place amidst the serious charges against him. On the objective front, Simpson argues that it is not fair to let a police officer like Fuhrman to continue in the department, not to speak of promotions, when charges of misconduct against him remain unproven. He also talks of a recent outrage by women’s groups that forced the department to identify those police officers who were guilty of domestic violence. This reveals the shocking amount to which policemen are susceptible to crimes against the concept of human rights. Under these premises, Simpson argues for a fairer stance by the legal system towards the LAPD. 4. The author’s individual conviction and moral values related to an equal

Nanobots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nanobots - Research Paper Example This essay examines the nanobot in terms of its purpose, function, development, as well as the moral and ethical concerns related to its implementation in the contemporary and future world environments. Analysis What is this technology? Nanobots are the product of nanotechnology. This is technology that functions within exceptionally small confines – namely within a nanometer (10?9 meters). The field of nanorobotics implements nanotechnology in the creation and engineering of robotic devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers. These robots are recognized to also be composed of micro or nano processors or components. When one considers that in the mid-20th century the only computers that existed filled a room, the emergence of such nanotechnology measures only a half-century later is a tremendous technological advance. Nanotechnology is created from a bottom up process where the technology is created one atom at a time, allowing developers to achieve the astoundingly small size requirements. Currently nanorobotic technology is in a proto-stage, as primitive molecular machines have been developed. There are also sensors that measure only 1.5 nanometers that are able to identify specific molecules in a chemical conglomerate. Even while nanobots remain largely in the formative development stages, it’s recognized that in the upcoming decade they will increasingly become a part of our daily lives. Purpose of this technology and its effect on people’s lives There are a great variety of potential implementations for nanorobotic technology. Perhaps the most prominent use of this technology has been potential implications of it in combating cancer cells. Indeed, recent trial procedures have been conducted wherein nanobots were able to enter a human and eliminate cancer cells. Describing the function of these nanobots in combating cancer, researcher Mark Davis notes, â€Å"It sneaks in, evades the immune system, delivers the siRNA, and the disas sembled components exit out† (Gizmodo). Essentially, these nanobots are able to enter the human body and deliver RNAi sequences to cancerous cells; these are ribonucleic acid interferences that attack malignant cancer cells. Professor Sylvain Martel, Director of the Nanorobotics Laboratory at Polytechnique Montreal has also foregrounded significant developments of nanobots for the treatment of cancer. While Professor Martel’s treatment of cancer is much in like with researcher Mark Davis’ there are a number of notable innovative differences. It’s noted that, â€Å"Using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, his team successfully guided microcarriers loaded with a dose of anti-cancer drug through the bloodstream†¦right up to a targeted area in the liver, where the drug was successfully administered† (‘Science Daily’). In these regards, the notable understanding is that this technology is able to improve chemoembolization by tre ating cancerous cells without exposing the unaffected adjacent tissue to the medication’s toxic effects. In addition to specific implications on cancer treatment, nanobots are also believed to have the potential of aiding humans avoid invasive surgery through entering the body and conducting such amendments. Furthermore, the emergent study of nanomedibots is believed to have the potential of developing nanobots that reside in humans to, â€Å"monitor body function; repair damaged tissue at the molecular level; deconstruct pathologic or abnormal material or cells such as cancer or

Extended families are making a comeback in many countries around the world Essay Example for Free

Extended families are making a comeback in many countries around the world Essay Family is one of the most valuable and irreplaceable things that one is blessed with in a lifetime. A family is the foundation to everyone’s life. The outcome of your life is dependent on your family. Morals and values are obtained from your family circle. There are many types of family that exists in today’s society, each important to the upbringing of children. The most common type of families found in Maldives are extended family and nuclear family. Nuclear family is a family unit consisting of a mother and father and their children. Extended family is a family group that consists of grandparents, parents, children, siblings and their immediate family, uncles and aunts living together in the same house. According to Population and Housing Census, 2006 (2007), roughly 80 percent of Maldivian households consists of a single nuclear family composed of a married couple and their children rather than an extended family. Nevertheless, Male city, the capital of Maldives is flourishing with more extended families living in the households. In fact, this development is due to people migrating to Male for better health facilities, quality education, job opportunities and many more luxurious facilities. However, extended families living together in Male has many benefits and drawbacks. Many people who have extended families find that due to several generations living under the same roof, there are plenty of role models for the children of the household to look up to and learn from, with many elder family members being able to pass down certain traditions to the younger members. In todays world where people talk about equal opportunity as well as high living costs, where both parents have to work in order to provide all the necessities for the children, grandparents take care of the younger children. They see to that the child has nutritious food and keep an eye on them thus preventing them from getting into bad habits. Also they talk to the children or share stories from their past which develops a strong bond between them. Being in a bigger family with more people to talk to help a child develop quicker. For example, with more voices in the house, toddlers may start talking quicker, also this helps children their language development. According to What influences child development? (2012), the family that invests time, energy and love in raising a child will see the most positive growth. On the other hand, different experiences and beliefs each generation grew up create barriers between generations. Grandparents have difficulty enjoying grandchildrens fashion, works situations, future plans or use of new technology. Grandchildren have difficulty in understanding their grandparents because they feel that their privacy is being invaded, and their grandparents intervene in their life by setting limits. Hence it develops conflict among the old generation and the young generations. Furthermore, living in Male very expensive. According to the Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment 2004, renting households across all income groups paid around 45 percent of their income on rent. Thus sharing the rent and expenses among all the members resulted in many family members living in small households congested with a lot of family members. Even though expenses of rent, utility bills and foods is shouldered by all members, misunderstanding and conflict arises on how members contribute to foot the bills and how they get to maximize the use of things which are bought to the household. For example, a computer system bought by one sibling may be used more by a child of another sibling and may not be available for use when in need. These kinds misuse of facilities available create sibling rivalry. These kinds of conflicts leads to fallout among members which take longer to forgive and arguments can reignite very easily. On the other hand in an extended family you can find a stronger feeling of security being surrounded by family and knowing that there will be someone to support you when in need. Like everyone being able to support one another through a crisis such as one of the family members losing their job. In these cases, all extended family work together to support each other until a new job can be found. Extended families also give the feeling of belonging because we see people who have a link to us through origin, making them feel something bigger than just themselves. According to Population and Housing Census 2006 (2007), the capital Male with an area of about 2 sq. km. accommodates 35 percent of the countrys population of 298,968. In short this means that Male which has always been the center of all development in the country results in overcrowded housing units. Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment 2004 explains that between 1997 and 2004, the proportion of people living in houses with 40 square feet or fewer of housing areas per person has increased from 17 to 22 percent and the percentage of houses with a compound has decreased from 57 to 39 percent hence making the capital city much more crowded. As a result members living in a household have less personal privacy and weak family relationships. Most of the time during weekends people want to be on their own, but in an extended family these types of freedom are not possible. It is certainly disturbing that somebody is playing cards or PS-3 or watching television while others are working at home or studying for exam or just relaxing. If kids are fighting and elders have a misunderstanding then in these families people will not have a peaceful environment. Parents find it difficult to spend quality time with their children on an individual basis and also find it impossible to have private time away from them. Lack of privacy is linked to depression and other negative psychological outcomes like physical health. First household crowding can produce stress that leads to illness. Second, through shared physical proximity, household congestion contributes to the spread of communicable disease. A significant body of research, conducted primarily in affluent countries, has documented the unfavorable effects of housing conditions on a range of illnesses, including various contagious diseases. On the other hand, where most of the family are working to earn a better income, household chores becomes easier as it is shared among all members. Humans are social, in terms of nature and thus they cannot live alone. Therefore, people’s character and ethics are grown and strengthened through family. It is proven that an extended family is a better economic unit because it consumes lesser resources and provides more role models for behavior of values. In conclusion living in extended family is tough because you lose a significant amount of freedom and is forced to sacrifice a lot for your family. But realize the value of having family to help and support when in need. Taking the country as a whole extended families will out win advantages over disadvantages. But regard to the capital city, Male, disadvantages outweighs advantages of extended family.

Collective Selection Theory and Class Differentiation

Collective Selection Theory and Class Differentiation Selection argues that fashion as a force in culture, collective selection substitutes class differentiation as a motive for its dynamic change. The elites (buyers and designers) are the ones that move but do not affect the fashion system thus causing collective selection. This occurs because buyers and designers are intertwined in a mesh of a uniform culture where they read the same trends and have the kind of influences to each other. The collective selection forms part of a new movement towards newer tastes with driving forces of fashion being historical continuity (newer fashions arising from older ones), modernity, collective taste from social interaction and finally psychological motives which Blumer (1969) acknowledges but does not favour. From his examination, he observes fashion as a central force that affects cultural sociology. His form of fashion is semi-autonomous which responds to but it is not influenced by opinions and taste of elites. This was a first attempt by socio logists to take the topic of fashion seriously. Georg Simmel in his 1904s class analysis of fashion had given a casual examination of the topic. Introduction Fashion is among the most creative and important industry in the world.  Everyone participates in development of the fashion industry to a certain degree. Fashion is a subject that periodically rediscovers itself and it is fascinating in its dynamics of humanities and social sciences. Social thinkers over time have treated the fashion industry as a window for social change and social class. Fashion has been viewed to embody characteristics representing modernity and culture. Some sociologists argue that it is hard to fathom a social life be it in arts, sciences, politics, entertainment, academia, business, law or morality without exhibiting elements of fashion in one way or another. Society tend to flock to styles, ideas, methods and practices that appear new and exciting to them, and after a period of time, the intensity of the fascination diminishes when newer ones emerge. The need and desire to be in fashion is manifested mostly in dressing. This is characterized by a pull of th e societys or inividuals continuity and the also the push to adopt new innovations. A cultural analysis of fashion is essential in understanding the dynamic shift in trends over time. Unlike the trickle down theory by Georg Simmel in 1904 which did not observe fashion first-hand, the Blumers collective selection theory gives attention to the whole process of meaning to society with focus on practices that are contemporary. An observation is made from the above two theories that fashion setters are the ones who mainly benefit from the intertwined relationship whereas followers benefit a little bit. Blumer asks fellow sociologists to take seriously the topic of fashion. He argues that this is so because fashion is more than clothing. Fashion is natural as it did not appear to society that in history as fashion but achievements that were up-to-date. He further states that fashion is important socially because where it operates be it in philosophy, business or science, it assumes a central position. Blumer asserts that fashion is a behavior that is rational. Fashion has its respectability because people respond to its character that is of distinction and propriety. Simmels (1957) view of fashion as style in his trickle-down theory provided insights such as the relevance of prestige in fashion operation and the proper identification of the realm of fashion as a form of change which is natural as opposed to aberrant. This analysis however falls short of catching the real position of fashion as a wider social happening. Simmel adds that fashion is taken up by social elites for the reason of classifying themselves from the other lower class. The lower group or class adopts the style of the upper group. When new fashions emerge, the upper class shifts to flee from their counterparts hence causing a continuous trickle-down effect characterized by the need for the upper class to distinguish themselves. In a nutshell, fashion is influenced by need for social stratification and social mobility. Though there has been wide criticism of the social class theory as being simplistic and also one-dimensional, it has had broad influence on todays fashion becaus e observation of fashion trends of many consumers show that high status people and the wealthy set the trend in fashion. For instance fashion magazines show images of items that are highly priced and outside the reach of lower class group, this cause a drive for the ordinary group to imitate and emulate the rich. However, it is not the wealth and prestige of the elite that makes the very design fashionable, but it is the designs potential fashionableness that allows the elites prestige to be attached. This is possible because the elite, rather than set the trends/fashion, they struggle and strive to follow its direction. This is based on the fact that people will consume fashion but not because of their wealth or prestige of their social class but just to show fashionability. Moreover, the elite have to make a decision of choosing between competing trends in fashion and that the choice they make is not always dependent on prestige of the innovator of the same fashion. In addition, c lass structure of the 20th century was different from the subsequent centuries. The contemporary societys class has a diversified structure and puts emphasis on fashion modernity. Zeitgeist theory Blumer (1969) expands on the views of Simmel by outlining all the societal conditions of fashion appearance because fashion emanates from societies. On the theory advanced by Herbert Blumer, fashion comes from a process that is collective where people adopt collective tastes expressed in trends in fashion. The driving force of fashion is not always imitation of the higher class people per se, rather they follow trends in fashion because of their desire to be fashionable. Consumers make a choice among various options available in the fashion market. People think of choices of their fashion as personal style and expressing individuality. As the selection goes on at individual level, it also occurs in aggregation into tastes that are collective. As selection and aggregation process in fashion goes on, a zeitgeist theory of trend is reflected. Individual choices in fashion spark a movement which has collective character implications on society. For example a style observed by a public figure may manifest the zeitgeist trend. The theory is a critique of the trickle-down effect of imitation of people of high status. The theory views fashion and trend as a collective or aggregation of choices of individuals in the society. It emphasizes not imitation or copying, but the desire by an individual to be fashionable. For instance, the desire to be in fashion does not necessarily mean emulation of values, lifestyle, or status of the group that sported the style first. Such individuals may opt to be in a collective moment which does not require imitation of what others are wearing. A status theory in trends might suggest that joining a trend is copying. Moreover, fashion rises as emulation then follows by a decline when early adopters try to stratify themselves from the masses by adopting new style. It then follows that, if one tries to equate joining a trend with copying, then the conclusion is that copying is a driving force for fashion. However, the trickle-down effect or status theory does not completely exhaust all the motivations for trends in fashion. According to the zeitgeist theory, imitation of elites and copying does not completely define fashion. Therefore, the theory disaggregates fashion from copying and that it moves not because the market is saturated with copies. In a nutshell, copying in fashion change may play a small role but it is not the engine without which the industrys innovation would stagnate. Social construction element of fashion in a society Blumer argues that fashion as a form of change is not linked to any field arbitrarily but it may affect or influence the content of that particular field which it operates. Fashion is the linkage to the past, the present and the future of the followers of fashion. Blumer (1969) gives six features which are basics of fashion which underline the function played by time in the whole fashion process. First is the readiness and willingness to change particularly in the area and the people through their practices, beliefs, attachments and they must also be ready to accept new forms of social order which thrusts them into the right direction in the future. The assumption and presupposition is that the area of fashion change is in passage, it will responding to changes around it and it is geared towards remaining abreast of current and new developments. Secondly, new proposals or models compete for them to be adopted and embraced. The models for adoption should be diverse by covering a range of viewpoints, themes, doctrines, practices, lines of preoccupation and artifacts use. Thirdly, there has to be relatively free room or opportunity for making a choice between the proposals or models. Fourthly, the selection should be made based on response to the interplay or incipient taste rather than rational considerations, merit or utility. This brings the difficulty of determination of merits because the guiding principles of fashion are not utilitarian or considerations that are rational. Fifthly, is the topic of presence of figures who are prestige and who espouse upon themselves the competing proposals. Blumer (1969) adds that what is perceived to be up to date is better than mere promotion of trends in fashion of certain figure that is prestigious (actor, organization, individual). The sixth element or feature is the area of applicability of the fashion. It should be open to emerging new interests in response to effects of outside situation/events, new participants being introduced in the fashion area and shift social interactions. Blumer argues that a course of fashion development must be present so that a given model is solidified and socially lifted which is important for a certain time frame (Blumer, 1969: 288). According to Meyer and Rowan (1977) as fashion comes and goes within the context of institutional environment, as long as they are accepted and institutionalized as standards in behavior, they can be regarded as institutions. A critique of fashion mechanism features Viewing fashion mechanism from the perspective of a continuing process of fashion that is of collective selection in a competitive model brings a different picture of social analysis. The elites in fashion form part of a collective process which responds to a shift in sensitivity and taste. Features such as historical continuity, modernity, collective taste and psychological motives which affect fashion mechanisms are discussed below. Historical continuity Fashion grows out of predecessors. The innovators of fashion always consider prevailing fashion for purposes of embracing, elaborating or departing from it. A continuity line is thus formed which typically has a trend. This continuity means that no extreme change occurs. On the other hand Blumer calls the popular adornments which lack successor as fads. Modernity Blumer refers to modernity as zeitgeist. Fashion is modern and seeks to remain abreast of modern times. Fashion is always sensitive to changes in developments. Fashion becomes responsible and responsive to trend, to developments in ornamentation, fabrics, and fine arts. Collective taste Collective taste is a force that ensures a process which selects, sets limits and provides guidance and also undergoes refinement through attachment to social forms. Taste is tri-fold in nature. It operates like a selector by giving basis for rejection or acceptance. It is also an agent which guides the growth of action lines and by shaping objects for the purposes of meeting demand. Fashion change occurs frequently in societies where there is more interaction between people and where the newness of the change is most valued rather than feared. Fashion is also not individual but social in nature. Psychological Motives Earlier scholars have traced fashion to be desires for notoriety and personal prestige. For instance, some define it as the effort towards increasing the self attractiveness under conditions that impair ones integrity of the ego. According to Blumer (1969), such explanations are shallow as they singly or either collectively, has been unable to account for trends in fashion because they do not show how the different feelings lead to fashion process. The definitions fail show fashion as a collective selection process as it is. In summary, there are many factors influencing fashion change. Fashion change is selected collectively through interplay between public taste that is dynamic and desire by the elite group to shape modernity which is part of the public. Fashion, according to Blumer (1969) appears as a collective class or grouping for the near future than a movement that is laid down by the prestige figures. Conclusion Blumers (1969) analysis of fashion as being social rather than individual in nature is a holistic attempt by a sociologist to explain the topic. Blumer (1969) concludes that fashion helps individuals and society in general to deal with the dynamics and potential complexities of modern world. Through the process of collective selection, social order is achieved. Fashion brings into fore a measure of uniformity and unanimity in a market that would have been fragmented. It introduces some order in the present. It does so by establishing a model that limits variability hence ensuring uniformity. Secondly, fashion serves at detaching the grip of past events in a dynamic world. This calls for option to move towards new directions hence it cannot be referred to as old-fashioned or out-of-date. Finally fashion operates as preparation that is orderly to the future. It offers elites the chance to give their models and at the same time adopts the ones that withstand collective selection. The ab ove three ways help society move in a unified and orderly manner. Fashion should be viewed as a pivotal mechanism which informs social order in a modernized society. Sociologists should strive to analysis fashion without irrationality and inconsequential behavior.

Definition And Classification Draft Media Essay

Definition And Classification Draft Media Essay Just one generation ago, internet was only accessible to scientists and researchers. However, Nowadays Facebook is accessible to everyone from toddlers to pensioners whenever they want. Furthermore, there are more Facebook users than automobiles in America (Pring, 2012). Considering numerous social media users engaged in or even stick to social media every day, we cant help wondering whether or not they have already been addicted to social media and what social media addiction is. Unfortunately, the virus of social media addiction spread rather swift among youngsters, and once injected, its even harder to resist than cigarettes and alcohol (Meikle, 2012).In order to handle this problem, I will provide a precise definition of social media addiction and specify some basic types of it in the following contents. According to Walker (2012), social media addiction is defined as a phrase when someone spending so excessive time on social media that it interferes the other aspects of his dail y life. And judged on diverse platforms they use, their habits and symptoms, social media addiction is classified into distinctive categories: Twitter lovers post whatever seems new to him, whether it is valuable or not; blog addicts try to response to every single question from readers and become frustrated if no questions are asked from fans; Facebook likers mostly communicate on virtual platform while they are unwilling to share news with others in reality (Marketo, 2012). Although there is distinctive difference among them, one point is similar: linking with social media accounts regardless of the time and it has inference his normal life. Concerning the situation where social media addiction is rather tough to resist, in the following paragraphs Ill offer some comments for addicts and tips on how to treat the disease. Comparison and contrast-The difference between addict users and normal users. Indeed, social media addiction is rather a newly discovered phenomenon since even Facebook came into existence to the public in 2004 (Carlson, 2010). However, since then there has been a steady inclination of social media addiction cases, there is no excuse for us not to recognize social media addicts explicitly. Therefore, in the following contents Ill contrast addict users with ordinary ones and deduce some particular traits. Compared with ordinary people, certain behavioral traits of social media addiction occur on them. First, unlike common people, they are more likely to be involved in virtual society activities, putting social network ahead of family and friends and regard it more fundamental than life basics such as studying, eating and sleeping. Gradually they become monks who, like many other addiction sufferers, resent anything around them and isolate from regular life and rely solely on social networking simultaneously. In addition to behavioral obstacles, they also suffer from psychological issues. Addicts can be panic, irritated and anxious even if they leave computers for daily tasks and treatments. In contrast, ordinary guys are able to maintain regular and basic socialization routines. Mental obstacle traits also include socially insecure and preferring communicating via virtual chatting than face- to-face (Anderson, 2012). As for micro scale, addicts are always struggling to tally to self-congratulatory status, updating their news about private life. They are relatively competitive but vulnerable compared with us when they compete with successful peers but only to find their life is rather plain. However, as ordinary people, these aspects are rarely noticed and concerned. Since its extremely easy to get lost in universe of social media, it is ones high priority to possess self-control. Therefore following 4 simple steps can aid those who addict to social media to get rid of addiction and return to ordinary life. At first stage, avoid or ignore requests and irrelevant recommend websites from unfamiliar sources. There is no need to accept every single request and get involved in valueless. After all, on average Facebook users will own 7 friends every month (Sanders, 2012). Hence we dont need those annoying extra requests. Once accepting too many requests, absolutely we will get into traps in the infinite universe of social networking. At second step, announce to our friends about our determination and decision, and let them supervise our behaviors. Why do we remain connected to Internet if we no longer need social media all the time? Disable network connection, stay offline for a while and tell our friends publicly. Why do we have to check Facebook and Twitter from time to time, and what if we refuse to check them regularly? Apparently, nothing severe will occur. Please dont hesitate to do so, for it will provide access to concentrate on work and study more. At first it might be tough to overcome some obstacles both mentally and physically. However, with the support from girlfriend/boyfriend, sibling, close friend, parent and classmate, the tendency to waste time on social media will decline by keep reminding us of how much time we have wasted. Furthermore, chatting with them will obviously enhance the relationship. At last stage, allocate time to other activities and go offline. Well be astonished to have a whale of time free for our private business. Moreover, our routine has returned to daily basis. Remember: we care because there are other things more important than Facebook in life (Syed, 2012). How to spend time on social media? As engaging in and being addicted to social media much faster and easier, students tend to spend more time on social media. However, as students, our principal aim is to achieve better academic performance rather than be a professional Facebook user. Considering that its easy to lose track of time while chatting online and that obviously some certain social networking sites can be addictive, sticky and hard to get rid of, Ill explain some strategies on how to distribute time on network intelligently. The most important strategy is to develop a routine while using social media. Having a regular task list is of vital importance to undergraduates not only in study but also in recreation. Follow the routine strictly and we will find it no longer unimaginable to reduce useless waste on social networking. There are some cute tools that can track how much time we spend on social media, and monitor our engagement on network. Throughout scheduling, analyzing and monitoring, they can ensure us to spend time more efficiently. Another strategy is to avoid over thinking about the content when coming up with a post. The more we think about it, the more time we will waste, and the more original ideas will diminish. After all, entertainment is not equal to study. The key to manage our time on social media is quality of interacting and keeping balance between study and socialization. Although its vital to build and maintain relationships with our friends and families, keeping balance and spend time properly still comes first. After all, there is no more time to waste when confronting with heavy workloads. Till Sep 2012, the number of Facebook users has reached up to 1.01 billion (Frank, 2012). However, according to a new study, plenty of students addict to social media and its hard for them to abstain from social networking for one full day (Finnegan, 2010). Given that they have obsessive usage of Social Medias and these behaviors imply addiction, Ill illustrate some effects of it in the following contents. The most direct effect of engagement in social media is becoming isolated and passive to life. As they overuse time and energy on virtual society, passionate towards realistic life declines gradually. Finally, instead of being brought closer to family and friends, they feel hurt and neglected, with ruined relationships. Moreover, because of the continuous flow of distraction from wired world, concentration on study and life will be lost. According to a recent study, on average Facebook users spend less time on study and consequently meet lower grades than others particularly becaus e of engaging on virtual communities simultaneously (Kush Griffiths, 2011). One dominant factor that contributes to this problem is that users dont maintain a rational social media usage schedule and dont have an explicit purpose for using. Moreover, addiction to social media also has a potentially negative threat to health. In order not to miss any news, the addicted users prefer to neglect sleep occasionally. However, they will deprive their sleep as a result of the bad habit, and at last, energy levels will decline and emotion will be far more irritable, short-temper or even depressed. Considering that addiction to social media has so many severe adverse impacts, we mustnt hesitate to take actions to cope with it. Therefore, in the following paragraph Ill explain how to distribute time on social media. Online Social Networking and Addiction Kuss, D.J. Griffiths, M. D. 2011 Aug 29 Publich Health http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194102/

Is One Rodman Enough Essay -- essays research papers

Is One Rodman Enough? In today’s world everybody has his or her own view of what makes a male masculine and a female feminine. If a male were to possess some traits that would be known as feminine, he would be seen as a homosexual. Likewise, if a female were to possess some traits that would be known as masculine, she would be looked upon as being â€Å"butch†. Present day television shows and films mold most peoples’ views on gender identity. A person’s job helps to define their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. Television and films portray certain professions to be very feminine. For example, have you ever seen a macho, male hair stylist in a movie or on television? A person’s choice of clothing also molds their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. If a man were to wear tight, pink spandex all the time he would be looked upon as being a homosexual because spandex was made for females to wear. However, knowing all of this, there are some people who are considered exceptions to these concepts. Dennis Rodman is one of these exceptions. Rodman is a professional basketball player who is known for his aggressive style of play on the court. This aggressive style gives him a very masculine image. Nonetheless, he portrays himself as having many feminine characteristics when he is not playing basketball. Knowing this, are people like Dennis Rodman redefining the gender identities? Persons who display success and high status i... Is One Rodman Enough Essay -- essays research papers Is One Rodman Enough? In today’s world everybody has his or her own view of what makes a male masculine and a female feminine. If a male were to possess some traits that would be known as feminine, he would be seen as a homosexual. Likewise, if a female were to possess some traits that would be known as masculine, she would be looked upon as being â€Å"butch†. Present day television shows and films mold most peoples’ views on gender identity. A person’s job helps to define their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. Television and films portray certain professions to be very feminine. For example, have you ever seen a macho, male hair stylist in a movie or on television? A person’s choice of clothing also molds their gender identity in other peoples’ eyes. If a man were to wear tight, pink spandex all the time he would be looked upon as being a homosexual because spandex was made for females to wear. However, knowing all of this, there are some people who are considered exceptions to these concepts. Dennis Rodman is one of these exceptions. Rodman is a professional basketball player who is known for his aggressive style of play on the court. This aggressive style gives him a very masculine image. Nonetheless, he portrays himself as having many feminine characteristics when he is not playing basketball. Knowing this, are people like Dennis Rodman redefining the gender identities? Persons who display success and high status i...

Arafat :: essays research papers

Yasser Arafat has survived any number of "defining moments" and "turning points" in his decades as a Palestinian leader. Now comes another, perhaps the final one. The horrific slaughter of more than two dozen innocent Israelis in attacks in Jerusalem and Haifa over the weekend makes it imperative that the Palestinian Authority president break the back of the terrorist groups that carry out such murders of pure hatred. Arafat's failure to do so would open the door to an all-out Israeli war on organizations such as Hamas, which claimed responsibility for the most recent attacks, and Islamic Jihad, surely with greater suffering for the Palestinian people Arafat claims to represent. Israel retaliated Monday, launching air strikes on Arafat's helicopter compound in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank city of Jenin. Israeli spokesmen also warned of greater, unspecified payback. The attack and counterattack are the latest tightening of the dreadful happenings that must and need to come to an end. Why can’t the people of both nations live in peace and agree to live within and alongside one another? I find these recent outbreaks of hatred as pure ignorance. They can’t even image agreeing with each other. In years past United States presidents have tried, but only to see more killing. I believe as a nation we need to hold a diplomatic session with both nations, and maybe this will have impact on them to see the mass destruction and economic hardships on their nations. I can’t understand, or imagine living in a world where you can’t even go to the mall for risk of some maniac that might come storming in and blow himself up, or riding the public transportation for fear of being killed by a bomb. They have been fighting since the beginning of time itself and it is time we look at this closer. Israel uses helicopters and foot soldiers, bullets and missiles in massive attacks that kill innocent Palestinians and inflame the hatred. Palestinian suicide bombers strap weapons around their waists and kill as many Israelis as they can. I don’t know about you but to strap a bomb to myself and let it explode is a different concept than to just drop the bomb, or throw a grenade. Doesn’t that do the same thing without killing yourself? Who are they trying to kill here? The thing is that Arafat must realize that the weekend attacks represent an assault on his own authority as well as on the tatters of the peace process. Israeli and Palestinian voices of peace have been reduced to whispers; the average person

Sociology Couples and Equality Paper

Sociology – Using material item B and elsewhere, assess the view that roles and relationships among couples are becoming more equal. To assess equality between couple's roles within a family over time we must comprehend power distribution and human psychology that exists within a couple's relationship. We must do this in order to understand why each role has been distributed between the two partners the male and the female.And henceforth between comparison of older studies and newer studies we can derive a pattern of progression or regression in the equality among couples. One of the roles that have been distributed between couples is household chores. Ann Oakley, a feminist (1975) came to the understanding that the housewife, a socialised role, was created by industrialisation. She discovered this when she researched middle and working class couples and their scale of equality; working class participants had less equality on average compared to middle class participants.This occurred as the higher the class the higher you are in the power hierarchy and those with power had the ability to make a better life for themselves and the people they cared about. The better the life the healthier the relationship, caused by positive and cooler mind sets, which then leads on to joint conjugal roles where neither partner wants to upset the happiness that exists between them. Also in the higher classes friendship circles are very close were all the husbands would socialise together and so would the wife's leading to joint conjugal roles Bott (1957).The working class participants as mentioned before had little equality even though the men could make the difference by refreshing otherwise standard attitudes of ignorance and influence of â€Å"the housewife†. The housewife being the idea that childcare and housework are defined as female roles (Item B). The power hierarchy triangle , using my chained analysis, can be used as a life standard scale then also a hea lthy relationship scale then furthermore an equality scale were on average there is small equality.To criticise Ann Oakley she did not assess the difficulty of paid work for men in those times as men did have to endure a large amount of responsibility when undergoing mental and physical tasks, when using emotional influence to excel their career and to say the least making sure his family didn’t end up on the streets (welfare and benefits were minuscule). This research if done could tip the scales of equality in this era. Also in those times women didn't expect to be treated equally the idea of the housewife was passed down from mother to daughter in order for their daughter and her children after to be able to excel in the class system.So can we really criticise the inequality that men created if the teaching of being the housewife were being passed down by women. Newer studies of the household chore from the British social attitudes survey (1997) showed an increase in the e quality between husband and wife where men would contribute to domestic work; march of progress. But all the same the men are still the minority when it comes to the most responsible figure in the household. Which suggests the ideology of the housewife is still present and so the symmetrical family is still an idea society is fighting for; old habits die hard.In comparison of both research studies I see that the idea of the housewife is still present hindering the chances of equality/the symmetrical family. But equality between couples has developed/progressed as we see men are taking part in more domestic work/household chores. The second type of role that takes part within the family is childcare. Boulton (1983) wrote a book â€Å"On Being a Mother† and it discusses how men do look after the children but in their own benefits and didn't actually take primary responsibility.In example a mother would need help looking after the children as she had a huge amount of domestic wo rk to tend to so the father would take the children out for ice cream the mother would never be able to do that because she's always busy and the father gets to go out for pleasure. In this case the children spend time with the father not because the father has the responsibility but because the mother, the primary carer, could not tend to them and in the end the father gets to enjoy his time while the mother is at home putting the family above herself.There's a vast amount of inequality between the segregated couples which regresses the idea of the symmetrical family. Ferri and smith (1996) had a similar study but on a vast scale and the found that there was hardly any equality between couples in contributing to family roles as the father would have he easier tasks and the women would be the labour in the household. They also found that if women contributed to putting bread on the table they would still have to contribute to the domestic labour as much as any other women as if it w ere a privilege to be able to go out and work.This also contributing to the idea that equality between couples has regressed as the large majority of the data concludes that women are overworked by men. Decision making is the third role that is dispersed between the partners and we find that men usually make larger decisions while women keep to the smaller ones which involve their domestic work. Edgell (1980) found that men made decision on 3 areas that were important to both partners: moving house, finance and cars. While the women would make decision that was important but weren't seen as important to both partners e. tonight's diner, shopping for food, children's clothing etc. Due to the unappreciative attitudes each partner gave to the smaller but frequent tasks women undertook the man was considered as the power house where all decisions of and for the household were made. Understanding this we can see that equality could not progress because both partners are lead to believe t hat the smaller more frequent tasks are insignificant causing regression in equality between couples. Backing this statement is the second part of Edgell’s study was half the men and women said equality was a bad thing.We could assume that the man was taking lead on the decision and influencing the wife but most likely they saw each other as incapable of preforming their â€Å"set† tasks. Although there are criticisms of Edgell's study coming from another feminist NB Davis (1991) and she has experienced the idea that women can use their abilities of persuasion and power to manipulate and even undermine men's' power. If thought about the hypothesis is valid but there is no study to back that statement how do we know that women only accept their social status so they can sway the power in their direction.This study was 10 years later and we now have the understanding that women are capable of tipping the power distribution in their favour which may not be the best way to insure equality but it is effective. Even though this occurs I don't think most women have the capability of subtly controlling men to the point were they have the power and control within the relationship or equal to so I still stand on saying there is a regression in equality between couples. Pahl (1993) in research on the role of finance, the forth role, in a family found the men dominated in controlling the finances of the house.He found that if both couples were in paid work the man controlling the finances were more common and in the least likely of cases only one of the couples would work and that one would control the finances again most likely the man. We see an emerging pattern of men dominance in any case which regresses the idea of equality in distribution of domestic roles. But Pahl's study did find equality between men and women in managing the finances (a quarter of the results) which in comparison with industrial times the amount is pretty high as women were expecte d not to work at all and never to manage finances.So we can actually derive that there has been a progression, however slow, in the equality of men and women. In criticism men are naturally better at mathematics then women it is known in education that boys usually achieve higher in Maths while women usually excell in English so it can't just be based on the idea that men dominate the important tasks of the family linking in with decision making. The fifth but one of the most influential roles for men is the career role â€Å"someone to put bread on the table†. Martins and Roberts (1984) found that men are more likely to take part in domestic labour if the women worked full time. More likely† is an indication that even though the women took the role of the man would still be disinclined to take the responsibilities of the woman (54%). Women found it much harder to start and grow a career (Item B) so you would think men would have enough understanding and sympathy for th e majority to help out but it wasn't the case. Their second part of the research found that 74% of part time working women took full responsibility for domestic labour. This indicates very low levels of equality in this point in time.To argue Gershuny (1982) found that on average hours spent on conjugal roles for women was less of that of men if the man was in full time work. In older times on average more men were in full time work than women we would see that men's argument of equality would be better weighted than women. Sulvian (1996) found that most men spent their free time socialising and relaxing while women spent most of their free time to housework. This point could tip the scales to show balance between men and women on hours spent on conjugal roles; but it really depends on your point of view.Some people would argue that â€Å"a women's work is never done† because they want to create a perfect home not because they need to. I my opinion women do their work out of good will and because of this progression to the symmetrical family may be hindered. I derived this as women would be less likely to share their conjugal roles with the incapable domestic workers, men. Even with this is sight I see progression in equality amongst couples as Hardill el al (1997) found different data to Martin and Roberts (1984) but found evidence of joint decisions and some movements of equality.On time based judgements I say that career based roles in contribution to conjugal roles between couples are becoming more equal; as we see an emergence in joint decisions and shared labour. The sixth and darkest side of the family is the emotion and violence role. Duncombe and Marsden (1995) found evidence to construct the triple shift theory were in the most unequal situation women would do the domestic labour be in full employment and use their emotional capabilities to create a stable and happy family.Their research shows that undertaking the role of emotional work is a g reat responsibility as you must not only understand yourself but the rest of the family too. Not only that because the children are too young to see the problem and, research shows, the father denies it the women gets singled out. Which leads to the inescapable situation: the women out of good will try to make sure her family see the problem and because of that she is exposed to domestic violence.Dobash and Dobash (1979) found that out of 137 women 25% of them would receive beatings for poor behaviour. This occurred as they found the power relationship in marriage is unequal between the couples which then affects the later generations understanding of violence within the household due to visual socialisation. They also found that women were incapable of leaving their husbands due to financial dependence so again we find an inescapable situation were women are the victims. If we work through 1979 to 1995 we find that women found 2 escape routes to equality.One was to gain financial d ependence to start careers from young ages and not falling into this oppressed cycle (evidence being Item B â€Å"current high levels of divorce†). The other lead into the second oppressed cycle. By looking at this research and understanding the scientific principle of natural selection women have learnt to avoid violence/physical confrontation by becoming skilled in working with people’s emotions. Women may not always fall into the second cycle of oppression depending on their skill in emotion and the characteristics of each of the family members.These two routes may not always lead to equality but they lead to greater equality than that of the past showing a progression in equality amongst couples in society. Evaluating these different domestic roles I have found one conclusion on the equality between couples and its course. The symmetrical family is a feasible idea but time has taken its toll and partnerships continue to be unequal (Item B) but with time and underst anding of this situation we can progress. In the role of household chores we found slow but gaining rogression in the equality amongst couples most likely caused by guilt as it takes time for the reality to sink in to unravel ignorance and primary socialisation. In the role of childcare we see that regression in equality between couples is predictable as the father likes to take the easy way out not seeing or denying the problem the mother gets singled out (against fun). So really in this situation the father is the individual that needs to get the progression of equality motor running.In the role of decision-making we have seen regression in equality amongst couples this was caused by both partners inability to change for the better were both partners deny the significance of smaller but frequent tasks. In the role of finance we discover that progression is there as men are allowing women to take on careers they are more accepting to the idea of women managing their own finances an d in comparison with other roles this one has most progression in equality. In the role of the â€Å"bread winner†/careers we see an equal amount of progression as that of finance for the same reason (constant reminders of capability).In the role of emotions and violence work we derive with understanding that equality is progressing as women were able to grow and overlook their past. With this understanding women are able to show the error in men’s ways and with time ignorance and highly gendered division of labour (Item B) will be a thing of the past and socialisation will work for equality amongst couples. With that being said and the rest of the assessment being considered I can say that roles and relationships amongst couples are becoming more equal because of women.

Bags

BAGS Whole document is based on my observation of bags at places, time and culture. I have tried to critically analyze and examine that how people wear bags at different places like streets, parks, shopping center, railway station and how their unconsciousness of mind changes the style of carrying it for example people hold their bags tightly in the railway stations its not because somebody is stealing their bag at that moment but in reality people are scared of pick pockets present in the surrounding and moreover announcements which are being done again and again has left a mark on people’s mind.Now even sometimes you notice there is no announcements going on but still people carry their bags so tightly as if they are going to be robbed, it just because of unconsciousness of mind which is ruling ones body language. I have also observed different types, shapes, sizes and colors of bags, and tried to judge the hidden meanings behind the scene, different perceptions and use valu es of the bags.Lets take an example of fashion orientated women which I have observed in the gally lafatte to them a tiny clutch in hand or back pack slung over shoulder, never mind what is inside in it, the thing which matters to them is a bag, which tells their whole life story, her reality and her dream. This type of behavior pattern is may be because handbags are visible on the body and gives the wearer chance to show off and publically declare their status, fashion statement or inspirations like Channel, Hermes silently.Today when you walk into any luxury brand store any where in the world, you will find yourself surrounded by millions of identical bags who have lost their meaning since they are mass produced as Marx says, â€Å"Abstract member of species identical by definition with its other member. † (Taken from class handout) In simpler words, today buying a luxury brand handbag is an exercise in banality, where you walk into the well appointed store pass the chic su ited security guards, see different peruse what is on display, choose one of them, pay bill and walk out with your purchase.The shopping experience may have been pleasant but in the end it was not a different experience then going to the H&M, ZARA or GAP, except from the price. There is nothing unique about the handbag: the brand has churned out thousands of them, absolutely identical. But this fact cannot be ignored that the handbag, which has been brought temporary satisfies our desire and makes us feel special by this thought that we own something, which is socially recognized and well perceived by the materialistic society who recognizes a person from its possessions owned.Despite this worldly feeling which excites us that we ignores the fact that bag which we have brought might not be able to fulfill exactly what we desired or excepted to be in our mind before going to the shop. This can be only possible if we place a special order to have something custom made especially for u s, according to our wish list. Practically speaking in present world there are hardly few companies who produce like this.Hermes would be the perfect example to discuss but they are extremely expensive out of the range of ordinary person so what you get in usual cases is a ready -to -carry bag. Hermes bags on display in the store are just display models to show options, you choose the material, order according to your desired size, color and shape. Then you wait for several months until it is made according to your specifications. When it arrives in the shop they invite you to pick it up, it your bag because of its unique style of making it.When I visited Hermes store I realized most of the designs have been around for century and they still have long waiting list not because they are in fashion but in actual they never go out of the fashion. Hermes bags don’t have logos because bag themselves are sufficiently recognizable. They convey the image of old money, craftsmanship an d refinement _ even if those who carry them have neither. They are luxury discreet symbol of wealth and success.It helps us to understand what luxury once was and what it is no longer. Handbags have become an intoxicating lure, which we don’t realize but it in reality it is killing every single women from inside who cannot afford to buy. Their obsession to have a bag is mounting to such great extend that even don’t bother from where it is coming, only what matters to them is bag and how they can have it regardless of this fact that whether their pocket is giving them permission to purchase it or not.This time when I went back to the Pakistan I observed some girls who belonged to a very reasonable family but this bags lust badly hooked and disturbed them to such great degree that they started to work as prostitutes just to earn enough to get a Channel, Dior or Hermes bag. I know it sounds bit unrealistic but unfortunately it is bitter reality of this cruel society, who have pissed off those poor girl under the pressure of so-called high society where if you don’t carry a nice expensive bag, then you don’t have a right to socialize because there persons are not one who meet with each other its actually things who are displayed on the show.This whole drama staged increases the importance of a bag that it why automatically gets surrounded by thick clouds of wealth and privilege or in simpler words its a way to show off yourself to the society that you are doing well, despite this fact behind the picture that how much you have sacrificed to buy a bag. Once I read a very interesting article written by English journalist during London fashion week in 2006, â€Å"Everybody-everybody is talking about handbag with the intensity of cardinal appointing a new POP†From this we can imagine how serious bags are taken regardless about which culture east or west you are talking about. Women obsession with logos has become such a big part of we stern society that contemporary artists riffed on it, they states these luxury brands often creates great displeasure. Understanding bags phenomena today is not an easy question to answer, it is actually very complicated in a highly complex society where its use values iffer with time-to-time or person-to-person, even if I take my example I might also use my Never full (LV BAG) for various purposes. While going to the university I always use that one because I find it more practical, spacious, strong ideal to put my books and laptop rather then my Armani bag which is new latest above of all its in my favorite color red but still I like to use my Never full more while I am traveling or going to university reason behind might be, that it provides me grater level of comfort and enable me carry my stuff easily.Where as in night when I am going out with my friends, I might prefer to use Armani bag or may be Never full but this time its meaning, purpose would change as it will be more lik e a fashion statement and representative of my personality. To me my bag says everything about myself_ my taste, my style, in short it explains my whole life history and at the same time it represents my present thoughts prevailing in my mind, my mood swings etc. From here we can analyze this small thing â€Å"bags† have become necessity of our lives, which is actually more like our mirror image reflecting unsaid things about us to the society silently.Most interesting thing is that people not only understands this ideology but also responds to it. So we can conclude like this from street bags like H&M, ZARA and MANGO to Haute couture collection, handbags have become carriers of the secret, signifier of power, status and beauty for women or we can say it other way around as it is a keeper of the equipment of daily life which have been strongly influenced by technological and societal changes such as the development of money, jewelry, transportation, cosmetic, smoking, cell ph ones and role of the women in society.In this wonderful modern world of bags in which huge array of different designs and colors have made ones life more complicated, instead of giving pleasure to own something it has become source of displeasure. Even a richest lady cannot afford to buy all desired designs and colors of bags, because everyone has certain limit to purchase things which does not allow her to have all unlimited designs displayed in a market.Every women is badly in love with handbags but they feel reluctant to express themselves that’s why they take shelter of different excuses for example once I heard a women saying that I pay high price for Hermes or Louis Vuitton bag, because their high quality makes it timeless, radiates richness, glamour and excellence_ even if it is but it does not mean you are paying hundreds of dollar for these factors ignoring your pending credit card, electricity, phone bills to make up for the alligator skin.Have we ever thought why w e do this even when our pocket doesn’t permit us? Is it really important to prove our financial status or power from bags, do we? Personally for me the answer is no, you buy a bag to satisfy your desires, needs and wants _not to show off or to prove somebody that you have power to purchase a bag. I think real power is gaining government positions; raising healthy kids, leaving an abusive relationship, fight against corruption. That’s real power. Power isn’t that poor, dismembered crocodile you’re lugging around everywhere you go.If you have Hermes or LV bag that’s good for you nobody has to do something with its that’s all about our mind, who thinks you have succeed in this world trust me no one even bothers and nor you suddenly gain status in life or neither your nose turns from it natural position to more elevated position. Seriously to me having an expensive bag will never help you to gain respectable position in the society it’s y our behavior, good deeds and nice gesture towards other which actually succeeds in the world not these bags.I don’t know how even a reasonable educated women think like that, why they don’t understand this simple fact that how a man made thing can make once personality on the whole, I am not denying this truth that to some extend it contributes to once look but we cannot give full credit to it. If we will then to me its like you are not giving any room to the rest of the factors education, your brought up and moral values which you have been given by your parents. Don’t feel from my argument and observations that I am against of handbags;I am just opposing wrong behavior pattern, which is being developed by this so-called society in which we live and we don’t realize it, but this problem is growing day by day it has become serious matter of life and death which need to be considered. I know women without her handbag feels as lost as a wanderer in the dese rt because I am also one of them but it does not mean that we should forget everything just go out in a search of nice Hermes leather bag. After all we have other social responsibilities, which should be cater on first priority.Basically handbag is the movable base for supplies or a depot of women expected needs. These eventual needs may reach out to a degree far beyond any man’s power of imagination and becomes a mysterious dungeon. The typical handbag of typical women contains a certain number of fundamental things, plus her individual touch, it is that individual touch that fills the bag. Some item is pretty sure to roll out the moment the bag is opened. Every woman’s handbag is lost and found department in itself. It is strange, but things actually disappear there, as by magic.And then few minutes later, it finally reappears on the surface after three or four investigations. Most funny part is that every man knows about this two-minute drama, which is repeated almo st everyday in life, â€Å"Heaven, I must have lost my watch, or my keys, that important letter† It usually has a happy ending by saying, â€Å"Oh I found that†. Nothing gives a man more self-satisfaction than such an experience, which explains whole myth of the superiority of men is built on the fact that a man never carries a handbag.Moreover it help to develop man’s relationship with her girl even more stronger when he lifts her bag while she is trying on clothes in try room, going to public toilet and she doesn’t want to carry it, when she is holding his baby or too tried to hold it while shopping. This whole act of holding a bag shows a kind and sweet gesture of a man being developed on these bag phenomena, which played a role of bridge between two people, thus bringing them even closer to each other. In order to have better understanding of what is a bag? , How serious they are taken today?What is the current status? _ Hunting these answer since las t two months finally I ended up with an experiment of my theories about bags and how people perceive it, moreover further analyzing how their behavior changes with the power of bags. I went to galle lafate several times in different clothing styles and bags, I won’t take individual brand name because I feel as I am singling or pointing out any particular one among all which is unfair-there what I observed was the treatment gap is likely to occur in almost all luxury retailers based on consumer possessions owned.First I went in carrying a really old bag, which I even don’t remember myself when I used that last time along with this, I wore my last year faded jeans which is almost out of the fashion now days but on the top I wore really nice shirt which I recently brought from Zara, what I noticed was complete ignorance from salespersons who were passing me weird looks and they might be thinking in their mind who let me in this luxury store because my physical appearance reflected an image of below then average class girl who even don’t have a right to see these things but in reality that time I was carrying 500 euros in my bag.Then second time I went in wearing the same jeans with last year top and carrying a regular nice bag which I usually use for everyday grocery or random shopping with 300 euros in it, what I felt this time was quite similar to first one complete ignorance but with little improvement this time there were not passing me those weird looks which were quite embarrassing thank God.Then next time I went there wearing that same jeans and a really old top on it but this time I was carrying my Never full LV bag _you won’t believe it what happened the moment it stepped in the same brand shop were I went before I heard â€Å"hello† from the sales person who was standing right on the front, seriously I was so amazed to see that because she was the same one who passed me such wired looks and now she was greeting me as i f I am a princess. In fact whole time she was there to attend me. Trust me suddenly whole world fell under my knees, asking again and again that how I was doing? Or whether I need some help? I was not dressed any more expensively- in fact I was wearing clothes that would hardly cost 25 euros but the empty bag from inside was only one thing that people could see from outside. Seriously if I had been gone naked carrying my LV bag, I don’t think anyone would stop me or ask me to leave. Of course, this was a strictly informal and non-scientific test, and I’m sure that sales persons at stores would have been happy or at least compelled, if not enthusiastic to help me when I was carrying my regular or old bag and they might have attended me if I had approached or asked them to help me.But from this experiment I got a very clear message that bags are likely to be one of the most important accessory even more important then our clothes which normally persons look upon and judg e whether we are worthy of positive attention and interest by others or not? In short bags is a big deal and understanding that how you should dress largely depends on our bags. So we can conclude this whole experiment by saying, â€Å"yes bags have an ability to change once perception about you. And In this so called- perfect world where its really difficult to judge once mind because society in which we live isn’t without flaws, so for the time being if you want to survive in this materialistic world its better to settle the situation by having nice branded bag to show others you are doing well, even if in reality you are not but it doesn’t matter because you have shelter of your branded bag under which you can hide your reality.I know this is silly to hear but unfortunately this is an easiest solution so far I am able to find, if you really want to be treated as respectable person in this brand conscious society, where they look your bag first and then decide wheth er to talk or not. From the beginning, I knew this was going to be the result but when it happened actually I went into the shock after looking such diversified behavior, which would be even better to say, two opposite ends of one’s personality you can see from this bag phenomena.I would like to sum up my whole document by summarizing what Marx and Benjamin thinks about bags in today’s world and what I have perceived about bags from my last two months observations. Marx is a sociologist and Benjamin is one of his followers, they both focuses on the things taking place in everyday life and strongly rejects the idea of expanding mass culture which is tied to industrialism. They view act of creating an object (for example a bag) as an exercise where worker embodied his sprit to the object and make it special from his feelings, but introduction of mass culture has divorced mankind from the real object.So the bags, which are being manufactured now days are to them, soulless and objectified, Moreover Benjamin feels these bags on display in luxurious stores like Luis Viton store are scene of destruction where workers stand as customer in the foreground who is not capable of buying it, in short in his believe people are enthroned to merchandised, where they are being manipulated by the objects which are out of their approach and at the same time they enjoy feeling of alienation from themselves and others because their social need are not meet when they forced to work whole day with machines, resulting in soulless ready to carry bags available in the market who have lost their actual meaning.I would totally agree with both of them because I also view quite similar to them, now days in actual society has become classless, objectified and materialistic who only look forward to MONEY AND MONEY that all, nothing more then that if you carrying nice expensive bag only then you have a right to breath otherwise not. Seriously I don’t understand why is that so? Why a normal person don’t have right to carry what they like or what suits they budget? Why there is always society pressure on one’s decision making? Why they don’t they analyze person from its skills and ability of doing something instead of looking upon her bags that how many branded bags she own? I know these questions are very frustrating and cannot be answered quickly at once because people behavior pattern vary a lot with time-to-time, person-to-person, culture-to-culture but all it ends at one point â€Å"obsession of bags† and its â€Å"growing hunger† to have more and more.