Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making Assignment

Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making - Assignment Example Additionally, key information regarding revenue and company’s overall performance help them in their regular decision making (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Managers and executives operate at middle level and operational level within a corporation. They are essentially responsible for a variety of operational, strategic and investment related decision making on a regular basis. However, all these decisions require accurate, consistent, timely and reliable financial information regarding firm’s activities. For instance, managers at Tesco are responsible for sales forecasting and projections and for this purpose they need information such as past revenue data, sales volume and so on. Another illustration can be, if an operational manager wishes to minimise operational cost at BT, then the manager will require information related to various general and operational expenses. Such information can be obtained only from the financial statements of BT (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Owners and partners are ultimately held responsible for proper functioning of a business firm. Organisations such as BT and Tesco are public corporations that are managed by group of shareholders where primary decision making is done by board of directors and chairman of the company. Board of directors including the chairman are responsible for framing strategic decision such as merger and acquisition, expansion to new market, new product development and undertaking new projects. All these activities require capital and scope of future prospect for the firm. Board members generally evaluate capital structure of the company, returns on investment and overall financial position of the firm from financial prior taking long term strategic decision. Owners are mostly interested in liquidity and solvency of a firm so that they can pay off various creditors and investors (Tesco, 2014a; BT, 2014a). Organisations such as Tesco and BT have a number of

Pillowman Review Essay Example for Free

Pillowman Review Essay The team of San- Jacinto central college performed the play â€Å"The Pillow man† originally written by Martin McDonough on 2003 in the Powell Arena Theatre. The play was about the tale of Katurian, a fiction writer who was interrogated by the two detectives Ariel and Tupoloski regarding the unpleasant stories of children written by Katurian. The content of Katurian’s stories was similar to the murder of the different children in the town, so they were suspected of the case. The play was performed on the black-box theatre, which was modified into the upthrust stage. The stage was good enough to support some specific part of the play like the background family scene that was provided when Katurian was narrating the story. The audiences sitting on raised stages on the three sides were able to relate the Katurian’s narration with the background scene. The opening moments of this play are superlatively funny, thanks to the interaction between Katurian and his two captors, a Detective named Tupolski (Joe Franco) and a policeman named Ariel (Richard Turner). Tupolski seems to be the epitome of quiet, industrial effectiveness, whereas Ariel (the winged indentured servant in The Tempest?) is very tightly wound, and more than eager to jump his prisoner and beat him senseless. Though all the characters were good to perform their assigned roles, I personally appreciate the role of Michal, performed by Aaron Alford, a freshman student of San Jacinto College. Just as the script says Michal was little slow to get the things, Alford did exactly the same throughout the play. As well, this character has added some comedy flavors in the play like itching ass etc. He made us laugh most of the time. The sound factor of the play was good. The crying sound from the background was really natural that attracted the attention of the audiences like me. It made to feel like somebody was really tortured there. There was a special sound effect in the play relating to the homicide and torture. Mr. Brian Hamlin did the very good job as a director and fight director. The play was directed so well. All the cast and crew do their best to execute the play. Most of the casting members were professional and graduate students interested in theatre. The two plays that I watched during this semester â€Å"The Pillowman† and â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI†. The opening scene of â€Å"The Pillowman† and â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† both were really good. Among these two play I like â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† better because the Hopi Indian chanter played really well. Also, action was well executed on â€Å"Star Blood† on â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† rather than interrogating on â€Å"The Pillowman†. Lighting was well executed on â€Å"â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† and sound effects on â€Å"The Pillowman† To sum it up, the play was good enough to entertain. I can make a consensus that the script of the play was well written. The characters were giving just the satisfaction to the superior script of the play. It was worth watchin g.

Summary of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

Summary of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Paris asks Capulet for his daughter Juliet's hand in marriage. Capulet replies that she is still too young to be married, but nevertheless invites Paris to try to woo her at a banquet he is holding that night. He gives a servant a list of guests and tells him to take an invitation to each of them. The servant is illiterate, and so goes about trying to find someone to read the list for him. He runs into Romeo and Benvolio, who are still discussing Romeo's unrequited love. The servant gets Romeo to read the guest list for him, and then tells him about the banquet. Benvolio convinces Romeo to go along with him to the banquet to compare the other beautiful women there with the one he is pining for: Rosaline, a niece of Capulet. Act I, Scene iii Lady Capulet, Juliet, and the Nurse talk about the possibility of Juliet being married to Paris. Lady Capulet encourages Juliet to consider him as a potential husband when she sees him at the banquet. The Nurse is completely taken with the idea, but Juliet is not especially enthusiastic. Commentary These two scenes introduce Paris as Capulet's pick for Juliet's husband and, more broadly, establish the theme of parental influence over a child's happiness. In the last scene, it was shown how the hatred Capulet and Montague bear for each other flows down to affect the rest of their households and results in violent conflict, but here the influence is more subtle and mundane. Paris is a nobleman and a worthy choice to be Juliet's husband; there is no reason why she should not want to marry him. Capulet himself defers to her ability to choose for herself ("My will to her consent is but a part"), but his power to force her into a marriage if he feels it necessary is implicitly present. It is significant that Paris speaks to Juliet's father before he ever shows her any indication of his feelings, and apparently before he even gets to know her particularly well. Lady Capulet, for her part, offers her entire support to her husband's plan for their daughter, and begins to put pressure on Juliet to think about Paris as a husband before Juliet begins to think about marriage at all on her own. Juliet even says to Lady Capulet in scene 3 how important her influence is to her in this matter: "I'll look to like, looking liking move; / But no more deep will I endart mine eye / Than your consent gives strength to make it fly.

Mock Job Application Formal Letter

Miss B Watkins Darlington College Haughton Road Darlington DL1 1DR 5th November 2012 Mr L Fordham Tewit Park Harrogate HG1 1JD Dear Mr. Fordham I am writing to you with regards to the open job position Business Support Assistant. I discovered this position in a recent internet search and was immediately interested. I am currently searching for a job in which I can broaden my knowledge and progress myself further whilst also gaining experience. I believe I am the best candidate for this particular position as I have a wide business background and will be extremely committed and hard working.As well as this I personally believe I have the correct characteristics for this type of work; confident well organized, polite, punctual, motivated and ready for a challenge. I also have excellent computer skills. I studied ICT at GCSE level and I also have lots of experience using computers throughout my previous jobs. As required I have a great understanding of Microsoft office and can efficient ly use all of the Microsoft programs including Word, PowerPoint, Publisher and Excel. I work well individually as well as part of a team as I love to meet new people and I have a very friendly personality.Due to this, I can communicate very easily and efficiently. I have previously worked in a call centre therefore I have a good knowledge of how to deal with queries over the telephone and I can fulfil this role with confidence. I feel I would thoroughly enjoy being a part of your team and contributing towards your future developments. I would like to thank you for taking the time to read my letter and It would be much appreciated if you could consider my offer and I will look forward to hopefully hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely B. Watkins Miss B Watkins

Chinese Corporation Essay

1. What kinds of advantages can Chinese companies obtain if they move production into the United States? There are several advantages Chinese companies obtain by moving their production to the United States. For starters, they would be able to sell to companies that only purchase American made products. Also, the money earn from the U.S. base production generates profit for China; which allows the companies to help its country economy by expanding its business in both countries and providing jobs for the unemployed. Lastly, the companies would receive a huge tax-credit and save significantly on shipping. 2. What are some possible disadvantages and threats of moving production to the United States? Some American is not open to the fact that international companies are moving their production on United States’ soil. In fact, U.S. citizens are willing to boycott and financially hurt the companies if such a move was to happen; especially in an economy where American own businesses are failing. 3. Will more Chinese companies make investments in the United States as opposed to China and the future? Fully explain and justify your choice. I believe that there will be an increase in Chinese companies making investments in the United States. For starters, it will help the companies’ international business relationship. To add, there are several stimulus packages the companies would qualify for (such as the economic tax credit) by doing business in America. Also, their profit would increase. The U.S. dollar is more than Yens. So, they would be making twice as much money in the U.S. on the same product sold in China at a cheaper rate. And, the cost to ship would decrease, because the companies would not have to pay duties on products being shipped within the United States. Therefore, it is beneficial for Chinese companies’ to invest in the U.S.

Names of Professions and Jobs for English Learners

Names of Professions and Jobs for English Learners All English learners, no matter their age or background, should be familiar with the names for common jobs and professions. Knowing these will help you better communicate in a variety of situations, whether you are traveling, shopping, or simply having a conversation with a new friend. Examples of jobs and professions- and how to use each one in a sentence- appear below. Arts Design Professionals who work in the field of arts and design include architects, who design homes and other buildings; actors, who appear on stage, on TV, and in movies; and writers, who produce poetry, articles, and books. Examples of these professions appear in the following sentences: Actor - Famous actors make millions of dollars from their films.Architect - The architect drew up the blueprints for the building.Designer - Our designer will completely redo your store with a new look.  Editor - The editor of a newspaper must decide which articles to print.Musician - Its difficult to make a living as a musician playing an instrument.Painter - The painter creates beautiful pictures with his brush.Photographer - A photographer does their best to capture a special instant in time on film.Writer - The writer wrote a fantastic book about zombies. Business Business is a huge field that includes a diverse range of jobs, from accountants, who keep track of money, to managers, who direct business operations and employees. Positions range from entrys of these jobs appear in the following sentences: Accountant -  Accountants  keep track of how money is earned and spent.Clerk - Talk to the clerk about depositing a check.Company director - Our company director issued the yearly report.Manager - A manager takes care of the business arrangements for famous, and not so famous, artists and musicians.Salesperson - Salespersons are always nice, and theyre happy to help you with something youd like to buy. Education Research One of the most common education careers is teacher, someone who instructs students in a variety of different fields, from science to the arts. Other education careers are more research-driven. Economists, for example, study the economy, while scientists investigate a range of different topics.  Examples of these jobs appear in the following sentences: Economist - An economist studies how different economic systems function.Scientist - The scientist might work for years before coming up with the results of an experiment.Teacher - While often underpaid and overworked, teachers educate children that will one day be our future. Food One of the largest job fields is the food industry, which encompasses all the jobs involved in the production, preparation, and sale of food, from the farmers who plant and harvest vegetables to the wait staff who end up serving those vegetables in restaurants.  Examples of food-related jobs appear in the following sentences: Baker - I bought three loaves from the local baker.Butcher - Could you go to the butcher and get a few steaks?Chef - The chef prepared a marvelous four-course meal.Cook - The cook was responsible for simple meals such as hamburgers and bacon and eggs. Cooks are members of the  foodservice industry.Farmer - The farmer sold his vegetables at the local farmers market on Saturdays.Fisherman - The fishermen in this area have seen commercial salmon fishing decline over the years.Waitperson - Ask the waitperson for the menu, Im starving! Healthcare Healthcare is one of the most important industries and includes life-savers such as doctors and surgeons. It also includes nurses and caretakers, who are responsible for monitoring and assisting individuals with health conditions.  Examples of healthcare jobs appear in the following sentences: Caretaker - Its important that a caretaker be very empathetic with a family that has lost a loved one.Dentist - The dentist explained the root canal procedure to the patient at his  dental appointment.Doctor - Do you think I should see a doctor for this cold?Nurse - Nurses make sure patients needs are taken care of in hospitals.Optician - The optician checks your eyesight to see if you need glasses.Surgeon - Surgeons dont have any problem cutting someone open. Its their job!

Market Failure Essays - Goods, Market Failure, Public Economics

Market Failure Essays - Goods, Market Failure, Public Economics Market Failure Market failure occurs due to inefficiency in the allocation of goods and services. A price mechanism fails to account for all of the costs and benefits involved when providing or consuming a specific good. When this happens, the market will not produce the supply of the good that is socially optimal it will be over or under produced. In order to fully understand market failure, it is important to recognize the reasons why a market can fail. Due to the structure of markets, it is impossible for them to be perfect. As a result, most markets are not successful and require forms of intervention. Reasons for market failure include: Positive and negative externalities: an externality is an effect on a third party that is caused by the consumption or production of a good or service . A positive externality is a positive spillover that results from the consumption or production of a good or service. For example, although public education may only directly affect students and schools, an educated population may provide positive effects on society as a whole. A negative externality is a negative spillover effect on third parties. For example, secondhand smoke may negatively impact the health of people, even if they do not directly engage in smoking. Environmental concerns: effects on the environment as important considerations as well as sustainable development. Lack of public goods: public goods are goods where the total cost of production does not increase with the number of consumers. As an example of a public good, a lighthouse has a fixed cost of production that is the same, whether one ship or one hundred ships use its light. Public goods can be underproduced; there is little incentive, from a private standpoint, to provide a lighthouse because one can wait for someone else to provide it, and then use its light without incurring a cost. This problem - someone benefiting from resources or goods and services without paying for the cost of the benefit - is known as the free rider problem. Underproduction of merit goods: a merit good is a private good that society believes is under consumed, often with positive externalities. For example, education, healthcare, and sports centers are considered merit goods. Overprovision of demerit goods: a demerit good is a private good that society believes is over consumed, often with negative externalities. For example, cigarettes, alcohol, and prostitution are considered demerit goods. Abuse of monopoly power: imperfect markets restrict output in an attempt to maximize profit.

Francis Cabot Lowell Invented the Power Loom

Francis Cabot Lowell Invented the Power Loom Thanks to the invention of the power loom, Great Britain dominated the global textile industry at the turn of the 19th century. Hampered by inferior looming machinery, mills in the United States struggled to compete until a Boston merchant with a penchant for industrial espionage named Francis Cabot Lowell came along.   Origins of the Power Loom Looms, which are used to weave fabric, have been around for thousands of years. But until the 18th century, they were manually operated, which made the production of cloth a slow process. That changed in 1784 when the English inventor Edmund Cartwright designed the first mechanical loom. His first version was impractical to operate on a commercial basis, but within five years Cartwright had improved his design and was weaving fabric in Doncaster, England. Cartwrights mill was a commercial failure, and he was forced to relinquish his equipment as part of filing for bankruptcy in 1793. Britains textile industry, however, was booming, and other inventors continued to refine Cartwrights invention. In 1842,  James Bullough and William Kenworthy  had introduced a fully automated loom, a design that would become the industry standard for the next century. America vs. Britain As the Industrial Revolution boomed in Great Britain, that nations leaders passed a number of laws designed to protect their dominance. It was illegal to sell power looms or the plans for building them to foreigners, and mill workers were forbidden to emigrate. This prohibition didnt just protect the British textile industry, it also made it nearly impossible for American textile manufacturers, who were still using manual looms, to compete. Enter Francis Cabot Lowell  (1775 to 1817), a Boston-based merchant who specialized in the international trade of textiles and other goods. Lowell had seen firsthand how international conflict jeopardized the American economy with its dependence on foreign goods. The only way to neutralize this threat, Lowell reasoned, was for America to develop a domestic textile industry of its own that was capable of mass production. During a visit to Great Britain in 1811, Francis Cabot Lowell spied on the new British textile industry. Using his contacts, he visited a number of mills in England, sometimes in disguise. Unable to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, he committed the power loom design to memory. Upon his return to Boston, he recruited master mechanic Paul Moody to help him recreate what he had seen. Backed by a group of investors called Boston Associates, Lowell and Moody opened their first functional power mill in  Waltham, Mass., in 1814. Congress imposed a series of  duty tariffs  on imported cotton in 1816, 1824, and 1828, making American textiles more competitive still. The Lowell Mill Girls Lowells power mill wasnt his only contribution to American industry. He also set a new standard for working conditions by hiring young women to run the machinery, something nearly unheard of in that era. In exchange for signing a one-year contract, Lowell paid the women relatively well by contemporary standards, provided housing, and offered educational and training opportunities. When the mill cut wages and increased hours in 1834, the  Lowell Mill Girls, as his employees were known, formed the  Factory Girls Association  to agitate for better compensation. Although their efforts at organizing met with mixed success, they earned the attention of author  Charles Dickens, who visited the mill in 1842.   Dickens praised what he saw, noting that: The rooms in which they worked were as well ordered as themselves. In the windows of some, there were green plants, which were trained to shade the glass; in all, there was as much fresh air, cleanliness, and comfort as the nature of the occupation would possibly admit of.   Lowells Legacy Francis Cabot Lowell died in 1817 at the age of 42, but his work did not die with him. Capitalized at $400,000, the Waltham mill dwarfed its competition. So great were the profits at Waltham that the Boston Associates soon established additional mills in Massachusetts, first at East Chelmsford (later renamed in Lowells honor), and then Chicopee, Manchester, and Lawrence. By 1850, Boston Associates controlled one-fifth of Americas textile production and had expanded into other industries, including railroads, finance, and insurance. As their fortunes grew, the Boston Associates turned to philanthropy, establishing hospitals and schools, and to politics, playing a prominent role in the Whig Party in Massachusetts. The company would continue to operate until 1930 when it collapsed during the Great Depression. Sources Green, Amy. Francis Cabot Lowell and the Boston Manufacturing Company. CharlesRiverMuseum.org. Accessed 8 March 2018.Yaeger, Robert. Francis Cabot Lowell: Brief Life of an American Entrepreneur: 1775-1817. Harvard Magazine. September-October 2010.Lowell Mill Girls and the Factory System, 1840. GilderLehman.org. Accessed 8 March 2018.

Limitations placed on American civil liberties during the Cold War Research Paper

Limitations placed on American civil liberties during the Cold War - Research Paper Example This conflict ranged from mere subtle espionage across in major cities to combat action in places such as the Vietnam. The Cold War was thus pegged on communist fear that ended up curtailing the America’s freedom of speech, altered the foreign policies, and discouraged the voices of dissent. The Cold War period remains one of the most repressive times in the history of the U.S. where the freedom of speech was significantly subjugated. In an effort to bring to light cases of espionage, root out disloyal citizens, and the threat of communist spreading across the world, the U.S. government rolled out a number of programs that instilled so much fear among the Americans. At the centre of the repressive policies was the anticommunist Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy was in charge of House Un-American Activities Committee whose role was to investigate acts of subversion that threatened the U.S. constitution1. This committee inadvertently began looking into suspicious cases of people within the federal government either directly or indirectly supporting communist’s agenda. Those holding public offices were thus required to take loyalty oaths as one of the measures to test or deter Communist sympathizers. The loyalty program later became part and parcel of Presidential E xecutive Orders2. The end result was of this loyalty program is that many Americans became afraid or discouraged of raising their thoughts or debating outside what was regarded as the norm. The â€Å"red scare† and fear of contradicting the norm made many Americans afraid of exercising their Freedom of speech as embodied in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The right to openly and publicly express ones idea were significantly hampered as one could easily be mistaken or linked to communist sympathizer. The Cold War equally affected the American politics to a greater extent. The U.S. presidents under the full backing of the congress set out to revise

Critical Analysis Of The Great Rulers' Reign Assignment

Critical Analysis Of The Great Rulers' Reign - Assignment Example The reason can be deemed as the aggressive and the strict decisions that they had taken in order to maintain law and order during their reign. As the approach was rough and rude, it often generated rebels from his countrymen. The same case was with Martin Luther King who was a clergyman, humanitarian, activist and the great leader of the African-American Civil Rights. He is famous for the role that he played in the development of civil rights by use of nonviolent civil disobedience. Thus by his works he has become a renowned national icon in the history of American progressivism (Bruns, 2006). During his reign, he was faced with many allegations and conspiracies which had acted as barriers in the course of his leadership. He had encountered surveillance by the FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover who had intended to weaken the power of King as a civic leader. The National Security Agency had monitored the communication of King so as to take account of the steps that are being taken by the a ctivists. Since King was penetrating deep into communism, the FBI conspired to discredit him through some revelations of his personal life in form of candid information about his many supposed extramarital affairs. Thus, it can be stated from the above situations that he had faced many obstructions during his reign (Gosman, 2011). Question 1 a. Early Life of King (born, society in which he grew up) Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929, and has taken his last breath on April 4, 1968. The King’s initial name was Michael but it was later changed to Martin. His grandfather had begun his career as the pastor in the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, where he has served the nation from 1914 to 1931. Thereafter, his father has served until his death and in the year 1960, Martin Luther became the co-pastor (Gosman, 2011). In his early days, King used to attend a segregated public school in Georgia.

Office Development Activity in New York City Essay

Office Development Activity in New York City - Essay Example The building costs themselves have slowed down after the much talked about real estate bubble (Tom Acitelli, Sep 2006). However, the cost of the properties has gone for a spin and has risen to levels well beyond one hundred and forty percent of the GDP. In this paper, we will analyze the growth of the real estate business specifically the commercial properties and the way they have been rising (and falling, if any) before we go on to take a look at the current days. Subsequently an analysis of the current scene would let us know the future trends. There will also be a short analysis of the status of the rental of offices and the fluctuations in the rental pricings specifically in the New York region. Finally, a short comparison between the rental and the ownership market of the real estate will be taken up to check which would be the best option for an office to go in the current scenario. All these will be presented in here for analysis and study. In order to trace the rise and fall of a market, it is always useful to monitor the change that is happening in the market for the last ten years at least. ... Figure 1: The stock market bubble (dot com) and the Real Estate Assets from left to right. The last ten years have seen the change in the price of real estate stock steadily increasing and gathering speed after the dot com crash. This was an investment option that people have taken to after the crash not knowing where to put their money in. More over it is also seen that the real estate, unlike dot com where most of the investors were speculators, here most of the people are investors for life time. Many things went in line with the investment. Interest rates were attractive and it worked out cheaper to buy a house rather than to lease it out. Economic Status The economic status of the country and of its people also plays a vital role in the real estate rental and cost. Normal indexes that are compared or monitored for this purpose are mortgage rates, Consumer Price Index, job creation, productivity, federal deficit and consumer confidence apart from payroll and other social considerations. In addition GDP is also an indicator of the change in economic status and the price of the real estate or the rental of the real estate. (Miller Samuel, 2006) Figure 2: GDP and Manhattan Median Sales Price The green on the graph is the US Gross Domestic Product while the Red is the Manhattan Median Real Estate prices year on year growth percentage marked on a quarterly basis. This clearly shows that the price variation in the market has been directly linked to the GDP variations in the last 10 years. Variation in the GDP has accounted for a similar change in the Manhattan prices. There might have been shorter and smaller variations at times, but by and large, it has been

Montessori's Educational Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Montessori's Educational Philosophy - Essay Example On hindsight, I surmised that to a certain extent, the teachers that I had assisted probably applied bits and pieces of Montessori’s teaching philosophy, approach, or perspective. However, I was not conscious of them. William Crain’s narration in â€Å"Montessori’s Educational Philosophy† probably synthesized what seems to be a fundamental facet of what Montessori education is. Through Crain’s â€Å"Montessori’s Educational Philosophy† the idea of children as undergoing â€Å"sensitive periods† was impressed to me. Of course, having been exposed to children between four to seven as well as older children between twelve to thirteen years old, the idea of children having periods of sensitivity on certain dimensions should be â€Å"obvious† to me but, unfortunately, this was not the case. I had taken for granted my experiences, unmindful of the important implications of what should have been obvious. Crain’s article allowed me to review my experience with a new eye or from a new perspective. At the same time, it allowed me to see the Montessori perspective as the correct one, the largely correct one, or at least a USEFUL perspective in childhood education. Education, of course, is not an ideology but a commitment as well as a science of leading or facilitating the young ones to explore and seek knowledge and, in the p rocess, be taught by their interaction with their world. As a science, some of Montessori’s â€Å"theory† or perspective will probably be seen in a better light in future and some facets of the Montessori MAY be even proven by scientific or education research to be misguided. However, what is more important is that the Montessori perspective or â€Å"theory† will be seen as forward advance in how we must conduct education in children. Further, what is most important is that the Montessori perspective fulfills an important role in advancing the science of educating

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Religion - Essay Example Since I had no connections in the church, I was thankful that I could actually go to a church without being too obvious. Therefore, I dressed up with my usual clothes and went to Life Church in November 11, 18 and 25. I arrived at the church early and so I had time to look around. I guess since the church is not as big as other churches with hundreds or even thousands of attendees, one can easily spot a newcomer. The first time I went there, a young lady approached me and welcomed me with a handshake. She must have known I was new. She introduced herself as Grace Morgan and asked a bit of information about me. She was very friendly and accommodating I found myself actually enjoying her company. She invited me in and made me sit. When she learned that I was visiting the place for the first time, she asked me how I found out about the church. I then told her about the assignment and she nodded her head with understanding. She then asked me if I understood about my beliefs and other things she considered important such as my knowledge about God, Jesus, salvation and how I perceived church. I told her my beliefs are basically based from the Bible and she articulately conversed with me about assurance of salvation. I accepted what she was trying to tell me then sh e asked me if she could pray with me. I said yes and she prayed a short prayer for me, blessing me with the blessing of God. After which, Miss Morgan encouraged me to visit the church again even after I am finished with my assignment. She assured me that I will enjoy being and working with them. She also encouraged me to bring my friends with me during my next visits so that they will also discover the joy of getting involved in a church like Life Church. I said I was not promising anything but that I will try what I can do. When the service (on the Roman Catholic and Episcopalian churches, it is called mass) started, I actually was surprised to see that the attendees did not dress formally.

Montessori's Educational Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Montessori's Educational Philosophy - Essay Example On hindsight, I surmised that to a certain extent, the teachers that I had assisted probably applied bits and pieces of Montessori’s teaching philosophy, approach, or perspective. However, I was not conscious of them. William Crain’s narration in â€Å"Montessori’s Educational Philosophy† probably synthesized what seems to be a fundamental facet of what Montessori education is. Through Crain’s â€Å"Montessori’s Educational Philosophy† the idea of children as undergoing â€Å"sensitive periods† was impressed to me. Of course, having been exposed to children between four to seven as well as older children between twelve to thirteen years old, the idea of children having periods of sensitivity on certain dimensions should be â€Å"obvious† to me but, unfortunately, this was not the case. I had taken for granted my experiences, unmindful of the important implications of what should have been obvious. Crain’s article allowed me to review my experience with a new eye or from a new perspective. At the same time, it allowed me to see the Montessori perspective as the correct one, the largely correct one, or at least a USEFUL perspective in childhood education. Education, of course, is not an ideology but a commitment as well as a science of leading or facilitating the young ones to explore and seek knowledge and, in the p rocess, be taught by their interaction with their world. As a science, some of Montessori’s â€Å"theory† or perspective will probably be seen in a better light in future and some facets of the Montessori MAY be even proven by scientific or education research to be misguided. However, what is more important is that the Montessori perspective or â€Å"theory† will be seen as forward advance in how we must conduct education in children. Further, what is most important is that the Montessori perspective fulfills an important role in advancing the science of educating

Financial Reporting Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Reporting analysis - Case Study Example The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) also play a major role in the solving of the issues at hand (Epstein and Nach 77). The case involving Philadelphia Communications Inc. first of all presents the issue of disclosures before, during and after an Initial Public Offer. Since Philly had just recently completed an IPO, the SEC, FASB and IFRS requirements require certain disclosures concerning this process. Another issue arising out of Philly’s case is the testing and verification of receivables to the company. These too require certain considerations under the SEC, FASB and IFRS provisions. Revenue recognition needs to receive keen focus at this stage. The fact that the receivable support provided by the client does not specify interest or payment terms for the notes receivable from several of the company’s chief executive officer’s cousins is another issue of great concern. The bodies stated above, namely the SEC, FASB and the IFRS have provisions an d requirements for these kinds of transactions and thus need to be followed (Shamrock 11). The family members, being considered related parties, need to have more disclosures besides those stated above. The family, though only actively represented by Mr. Sigar in his position as the company’s chief executive and chairman, still owns a large part of the company hence the need to put into consideration its role in the firm’s operations. The fact that there is dependence on records from another party from the previous year presents another issue to be put into consideration. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles play a serious role in this area; enabling the auditor draw clear conclusions from the information available. Options and Solutions to the Issues a. Initial Public Offer Philadelphia Communications Inc. became a public company through the Initial Public Offer. The Securities and Exchange Commission, upon receiving an application from any company willing to go public, compels the company to apply all accounting standards to which the company subscribes (Epstein and Nach 55). These include the IFRS requirements, among others. The information disseminated in this period includes the share of the company owned by the individual participants. This serves to ensure there is transparency and accountability. The information from Philly’s IPO doesn’t state the ownership in terms of the number of shares owned. This type of non-disclosure is against the SEC and GAAP requirements and should be adhered to. b. Receivables The other issue involves receivables and in this particular case from shareholders. This basically is the money received from shareholders in their purchase of a company’s shares. It is an investment into the company hence keenness is required in handling this issue. The SEC provisions and GAAP in place concerning receivables from shareholders are that the shareholder should be in the know concerning the type of shares purchased and their amount. The notes receivable from Mr. Sigar’s cousins should have clearly stated interest rates and payment terms. This applies to all other shareholders’ notes (Shamrock 23). For transparency’s sake, interest rates and payment terms on all notes receivable should be stated beforehand. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the risk level to which shareholder’s receivables are exposed to should also be known by the

Reading Is a Skill Essay Example for Free

Reading Is a Skill Essay Reading is a necessary skill in your everyday life. We use it to discover new things; books, magazines and internet. It requires the ability to read and understand what is read. It is fundamental to function in today’s society. If you don’t read well no matter who you are, you have a hard time in life. Reading is a vital skill in finding a job. In order to have a job, you need to know how to read mainly English. Reading is important because it develops the mind. The mind is a muscle, it needs exercise. Reading is necessary for men and women of all ages and it is used in everyday life. Reading is fundamental to function in todays society. Reading is used in everyday life; we read signs, instructions on a medicine bottle, and filling out applications. There are many adults who cannot read well enough to understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. Filling out applications becomes impossible without help. Reading road or warning signs is difficult. If you don’t know how to read you probably have a difficult life, you don’t understand things and becomes impossible without help. It’s a scary thought that a fully grown man or women does not know how to read. Reading is a day-to-day activity; you do it all day, even when you don’t realize it. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. All jobs require you to read, it doesn’t matter what field or occupation you’re in, you have to know how to read. Many well-paying jobs require reading as a part of job performance. There are reports and memos which must be read and responded to. Poor reading skills increase the amount of time it takes to absorb the information and do the work. A person is limited in what they can accomplish without good reading and comprehension skills. Reading is important because it develops the mind. The mind is a muscle. It needs exercise. As you read, the written words make the mind grow. Teaching young children to read helps them develop their language skills. It also helps them learn to listen and understand. Reading develops the imagination unlike TVs and computer games can. With reading, a person can go anywhere in the world or even out of it! They can be a king, queen, adventurer, anything! The possibilities are endless. Non-readers never experience these joys to the same extent, they have a harder life. All in all, I believe reading is an educational advancement. You need it to function in today’s society, it is a vital skill in finding a good job, and it develops the mind. It is a way to broaden our knowledge and spark new ideas. It is a necessary skill and we use it everyday at all times. I don’t read a lot, but I believe that if I read more I would be one of the best . Reading helps you understand things clearer and better. Reading is necessary and is used in everyday life; adolescents, teens, and seniors have and will be using reading until the world is over. It will advance more and someone one day will find a better way to advance the reading field, making everyone shine and understand it better!

Impact of Bisphenol A in Bottles on Children’s health

Impact of Bisphenol A in Bottles on Children’s health INTRODUCTION The history of Bisphenol-A is a long story, and the development of this substance has  gathered benefits and drawbacks. In fact, BPA brings several benefits for life’s people. It is  used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. The polycarbonate plastics may be encountered in many products including dental equipment, eyewear, especially baby bottles, while epoxy resins are frequently used as inner liner of metal food and drink containers to prevent corrosion. However, historical development of Bisphenol A demonstrates that the drawbacks have a much negative impact than benefits. Bisphenol A was discovered in 1891 by Russian chemist Aleksandr Dianin. In the 1930s, scientists discovered that BPA is an artificial estrogen and it has been used widely over the world since 1950 (The Washington Post, â€Å"117 Years of BPA,† April 27, 2008). Recently, the number and diversity in the study of the effects of bisphenol A has grown significantly over the past few years. In 2009, Health Canada studies showed that the majority of canned soft drinks contain bisphenol A (Survey of Bisphenol A in Canned Drink Products,13 March2009). Moreover, in 2010, the University of Texas in USA showed that almost plastic packaging and canned milk usually contain high the percentage of BPA[Journalists Resource.org]. In addition, study in the US showed that consumption of soda, school lunches, and meals prepared outside the home make a significant contribution t o the increasing BPA in the urine [Lakind JS, Naiman DQ (2010)]. Therefore, the wide use of BPA in plastic fabrication and epoxy resins has a negative impact on health people, which interferes with the endocrine system in animals and humans and contribute to adversely affect children’s health. Furthermore, plastic containers, especially baby bottles, become more popular with consumers and retailers as they are cheap, functional and hygienic way to transport products. This leads to the fact that many children will be easily caught disease as well as influence the development of children. This essay will discuss about concentrations of BPA in urine which can cause danger for children ages from 6 to 17 as well as the impact of Bisphenol A in bottles on children, such as early puberty, obesity and lower IQ (Csaba Leranth, 2013), and the positive solutions to minimize problems such as a ban, use plastic bottles as less as possible. SITUATION The discovery of Bisphenol A in the 20 century was just an accident. Although Aleksandr Dianin, Russian chemist, discovered Biisphenol A in 1891, until the year 1900, Dr. Feldman made some important discoveries of this. In 1990, Dr. Feldman and his colleagues have carried out a research into estrogen, and they found out strange substance that looked like an estrogen. In 1992, strange substance was found in experimentation related to plastic flask and was not present in glass flask. Dr. Feldman identified this substance as Bisphenol A. According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Nomenclature (IUPAC), Bisphenol A (BPA) or 4,4-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane is a carbon-based synthetic compound with the chemical formula C15H16O2 and molecular weight 228.28634 g/mol (Bisphenol A, 2005). This substance was used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic, which typically present in bottles. Furthermore Dr. Feldman said that Bisphenol A is a major health risk. Nevertheless, the negative effect of Bisphenol A that Dr. Feldman research do not help inhibit the increasing manufacture of bottles, which contain high-level BPA, and the provided pie chart below illustrates the figure for baby bottles purchase worldwide. Sources: Icon Group â€Å"The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Baby Bottles†- Philip M. Parker, PhD/SGD At first glance, the manufacture of bottles in North America experienced the highest portion while Indian gained the least attention in this field. It is noticeable that 24 was the percentage that mass-produce bottles in North America, compared to 22% of Europe and 14% of Russia, Africa and Middle East. However India and Latin America just put the modest manufacture of bottles, which was 5% and 8% respectively. In 2008, there were 22 billion food cans and 100 billion cans for soft drinks, which were produced with BPA. (Hemi Weingarten, 2009). With the innumerable bottles produced each year, people, and children in particularly, are easily expose to Bisphenol a contained in bottles. The number of children whose exposure to BPA had increased significantly since BPA was used widely from 1950. Furthermore, Karin B. Michels, associate professor of epidemiology at HSPH and Harvard Medical School said that drinking water from polycarbonate bottles in just one week went up urinary BPA levels more than two third, and if people heat those bottles, the levels would be higher (Karin B, 2015). The line graph below demonstrates the concentrations in urine samples in children. (Source: http://www.epa.gov/ace/biomonitoring/bpa.html) To find out whether or not children expose to Bisphenol A, many scientists research in urine samples from all age groups, including children and adults. This data which show concentrations in urine samples are obtained from individual survey participants conducted by National Center for Health Statistics and National Center for Environmental Health, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The figure for the Median and 95th percentile concentrations in urine decreased significantly. Between 2003 and 2004, the number of the median concentration of BPA in urine of children ages 6 to 17 years is 4  µg/L in comparison with 16  µg/L of 95th percentile concentration in urine. It is noticeable that the figure for 95th percentile concentrations in urine reached a peak at 17  µg/L in 2005-2006 while 2009 was the year that the Median experience the lowest percentage, about 2  µg/L. These changes are extremely important in reducing the rate children whose exposure to Bisphenol A. PROBLEMS Although the current trend in using Bisphebol A had declined significantly, BPA pose risk to human health. Bishenol A was researched in several scientific reports of the independent research group over the world. According to a scenario analysis of 12 experts in the National Toxicology Program NTP, BPA makes the reproductive system and the brain of newborn animals develop abnormally. A small dose of BPA can cause negative effects on young children. Some studies even suggest that young children are easily affected by Bisphenol A because the young body is still developing. Therefore, the immune system cannot protect and remove the dangerous chemical, especially Bisphenol A. Generally, although eating too much or lack of exercise are the important factors that lead to obese in teenager, said Dr. De-Kun Li, Bisphenol A might also contribute to the increasing in the obesity rate. Li and his colleagues studied 1326 children aging from 9 to 12, and measured BPA levels in their urine. (Corvese, 2013). The girls who have higher BPA levels were associated with the double risk of obesity. Researchers explained that Bisphenol A is referred to as endocrine disrupting chemicals, which interfere with elimination of natural hormones in the body. These natural hormones are responsible for reproductive development, fertility and maintenance of homeostasis. Therefore, when the concentration of BPA are high in girl, Bisphenol A which acts like estrogen make a significant contribution to the early puberty and cause weight gain. With the weakened immune system and the consequences of obesity caused by Bisphenol A, young people are more likely suffer diseases such as: high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes (Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM, 2011). People who become obese as early as age are more likely suffer cancer in adults including cancer of the breast, colon, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, and prostate. (A Cancer Journal for Clinicians2006). In 2010, a report from The President’s cancer Panel identified more than 130 studies that have linked BPA to obesity, breast cancer and other disorder problems (World-wire.com, 2010). Besides, there are many serious consequences of BPA that are proved by many scientists, such as: brain and behavior problems, heart problems and low IQ (Empen, 2013). If these diseases are not treated effectively, they have a negative impact on the development of children in the future. Therefore, eliminating Bisphenol A from the body can help young children h ave an excellent health without affecting by prevalence diseases in modern life SOLUTIONS Recognizing the harmful effects of Bisphenol A and considering it as a national issue, scientists and governments take this problem in serious concern. From a scientific perspective, developing alternative to Bisphenol A is a major breakthrough in eliminating BPA from the body as well as in cancer research. Furthermore, under the pressure of people who worry about the BPA’s adverse affect on human health, researchers over the world put more effort in finding the substitute for Bisphenol A. In fact, many manufactures in United States show that it is possible to replace BPA not only in baby bottles, but also in food cans and drinking bottles. They developed a chemical which originate in sugar, and this substance allow us to create a family of isosorbide-based epoxy resins that is capable of standing in for Bisphenol A, said Professor Michael Jaffe (Harrington, 2010). Besides, there are many possible substitutes to bottles and containers containing BPA, such as stainless steel, Tritan Copolyester, Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyamide , Polyethersulfone (PES) and oleoresin [Oregon Environmental Council, 2013; Det Økologiske Rà ¥d, 2013], all of which are environmentally friendly alternatives. In 2008, Nalgene said that they produce baby bottles with these substitutes, and it is obvious that these materials do not contain Bisphenol A. Apart from practical concerns mentioned above, it would be unfair without considering the contributing factor of government in wiping off Bisphenol A from baby bottles. Canada becomes the first government in the world to carry out the negative effects of Bisphenol A. In October 2010, they imposed limitations on using bottles which contain BPA. Apparently, these ban helped decrease the rate of using bottles. Not only does Canada’s government ban using Bisphenol A, but also other countries legislate on the reduction of baby bottles. Washington is a good illustration for campaigning to act against BPA. â€Å"Bans BPA from children’s food and beverage containers (other than metal cans) and all reusable water bottles.(Adopted in 2010)† according to Washington State Legislature. Besides, governments force manufactures to label each baby bottles with the contents and statistics of Bisphenol A. Hence government can manage the concentration of BPA in bottles. In addition, thanks to attaching label, individual can easily check the bottles whether or not contain BPA. If the products say â€Å"phthalate free† or â€Å"BPA-free†, consumers can purchase these products without worrying the harmful effect of Bisphenol A (Niehs.nih.gov, 2015). EVALUATION As we know, nothing interesting is ever completely one-sided, these solutions that wipe Bisphenol A of baby bottles also have the pros and cons. It seems to me that the potential consequences of rules and regulations are significant than the possible dangers. On the one hand, imposing constraints have a negative effect on the quality of products. Bisphenol A is a suitable chemical for hardening polycarbonate plastics. If government ban using Bisphenol A in baby bottles, the quality of these bottles will degrade. Furthermore, the substitute is not as good as Bisphenol A. For instance, acrylics, which stand in for Bisphenol A, are used in producing bottles. However, this substance is more brittle than Bisphenol A, and it is obvious that the bottles are easily broken. On the other hand, I would argue that these drawbacks are outweighed by the benefits. Removing Bisphenol A will be of benefit to economy. In 2008, there were 12,404 cases of childhood obesity and 33,863 cases of coronary heart diseases that associated with Bisphenol A. By eliminating this substance from the body, we can reduce child health care expenditure, which was about $2.98billion. Specifically, the cost of BPA- attributable childhood obesity and coronary heart were approximately 1.5 billion and 935 million respectively (Trasande, 2014). . Furthermore, if we use the substitute for Bisphenol A, it costs a fortune. Some report suggest that oleoresin, which stand in for Bisphenol A, can cost 2.2 cent more than BPA in the lining of aluminum cans. With 100 billion these cans produced each year, the cost of substitute for BPA would be 2.2 billions [LaytonL, 2010]. CONCLUSION The development of Bisphenol A has gathered advantages and disadvantages. Although BPA is the crucial factor in manufacturing baby bottles, it was inevitable that there would be impact of Bisphenol A in baby bottles on children health. The negative effects associate with prevalent diseases in modern life such as early puberty and obesity. Hence, governments and scientists take into action as soon as possible to preclude child health expenditures, which are closely related to large economic burden. In the future, it is necessary to test potential substitutes in order to prevent the use of replacement Bisphenol A that may lead the same or worse health consequences. REFERENCES Calafat A.M., Ye X., Wong L.Y., Reidy J.A., and Needham L.L., â€Å"Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004,† Environ Health Perspect, 2008 Jan;116(1):39-44 Bisphenol A. (2005). [online] Available at: http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bisphenol_A [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015]. Hc-sc.gc.ca, (2015). ARCHIVED Survey of Bisphenol A in Canned Drink Products [Health Canada, 2009]. [online] Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_survey-enquete-can-eng.php [Accessed 7 Apr. 2015]. Karin B, M. (2015). BPA, chemical used to make plastics, found to leach from polycarbonate drinking bottles Into humans | News | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. [online] Hsph.harvard.edu. Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/bpa-chemical-plastics-leach-polycarbonate-drinking-bottles-humans/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Corvese, G. (2013). BPA linked to obesity in young girls. [online] Thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Available at: http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2013/06/12/bpa-linked-to-obesity-in-young-girls/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012.Journal of the American Medical Association2014;311(8):806-814. Harrington, R. (2010). Sugar-derived epoxy lining could replace bisphenol A. [online] FoodProductionDaily.com. Available at: http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Packaging/Sugar-derived-epoxy-lining-could-replace-bisphenol-A [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Empen, K. (2013). The Facts About Bisphenol A, BPA. [online] Webmd.com. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/children/environmental-exposure-head2toe/bpa [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Niehs.nih.gov, (2015). Bisphenol A (BPA). [online] Available at: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Trasande, L. (2014). Further Limiting Bisphenol A In Food Uses Could Provide Health And Economic Benefits. Health Affairs, 33(2), pp.316-323. Fda.gov, (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application. [online] Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm064437.htm [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Vom Saal et al., â€Å"Chapel Hill Bisphenol A Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Integration of Mechanisms, Effects in Animals and Potential to Impact Human Health at Current Levels of Exposure,† Reproductive Toxicology, 2008 August-September, pp. 131-138. 1 Title: Impact of Bisphenol A in Bottles on Children’s health

Death by Cell-Phone Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Death by Cell-Phone Imagine being in the passenger seat of a car on a quiet street in Atlanta. At about 4:00 A.M. a cell phone begins to ring; then the driver reaches down to grab the phone. Within the next few moments, the driver loses control of the car. The car wraps around a telephone poll. This isn’t a dream. In fact, it was reality for model Niki Taylor in May of 2001. According to the USA Today, Niki Taylor was seriously injured in this accident with extensive damage to her liver and abdomen. Most people who remember this incident might not know that the cause of it was a cell-phone. This accident, however, is just one example of the dangers that are involved when someone uses their cell phone while operating a motor vehicle. Many people just sit back and think that this could never happen to them, but have they ever thought about how well they really pay attention to the road when they are on their cell-phone? It is proven that people talking on their cell phone cannot fully control his/her vehicle while moving stated in the Consumers Research Magazine. The use of a cell phone also can reduce the driver's physical control--one hand on the steering wheel, one hand on the phone--which reduces response capability during an emergency. Cell phones have become increasingly popular over the years especially through college age students. Most college students cannot afford to pay a phone bill at their house or in their dorm, so they keep a cell phone to talk to friends or family back home. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), drivers between the ages of 20 and 54 accounted for 81 percent of the accidents reviewed. Some 72 percent of those talking on a cell phone at the time of acci... ...o State U lib. 5 March, 2003. http://search.epnet.com> Mathias, Craig. â€Å"Dumb and Dumber†. Electronic Engineering Times 1176 (Fall 2001). ) Academic Search Premier. Colorado State U lib. 5 March, 2003. http://search.epnet.com> Moore, Larry R; Moore, Gregory S. â€Å" The impact of cell phones on driver safety†. Professional Safety. 46 (Summer 2001). EBSCO Academic Search Premier. Colorado State U Lib. 30 march,2003. Ropeik, David; Gray, George. â€Å"Cell Phones and Driving: How risky?† Consumers’ Research Magazine, 86 (Winter 2003). Academic Search Premier. Colorado State U Lib. 5 March, 2003. Schwartz, Epharim. â€Å" Its time for drivers to defend the (wireless) right to bear cell phones†. InfoWorld 22 (Summer 2002). EBSCO Academic Search Premier. Colorado State U Lib. 30 march,2003. http://search.epnet.com>

My Personal Theory of Counseling Essay

The important ingredients in counseling are: understanding of theory, process and skill. There are many theories of personality. Moreover, we will notice that within each theory, there are other theorists who slightly differ in their views from those of the exponent of the theory. More often, counseling is based on how the proponent of the theory views personality. Burrhus Skinner’s behavioral approach did not go deep enough while; Sigmund Freud’s theory on personality went too deep. Gordon Allport’s theory of individuality and functional autonomy also lack the foundation I need. My personal theory is more on the source of traits in describing personality, are deeper and more significant. It is however different from the factorial theory of Raymund Cattell. I admire Carl Rogers’ self-actualization; however I believe a person is capable of it only if his brain is structured for self-actualization. Analysis/Discussion I was contemplating to structure my personal theory on counseling on the various theories that we have learned so far; however, I find it illogical to base my theory on another theory of unproven facts. I want a concrete foundation of my theory. Do you suppose inconclusive studies of Frued, Skinner, etc. provide solutions to problems? Definitely not! I have read some articles about Sigmund Feud and I doubted whether he had treated his clients with success. It is my belief that psychotherapy can only help to remove the symptoms and prevent early recurring of these symptoms, however when triggered in the future, the symptoms again manifest. .Professionally, I opted to base my personal theory of counselling on pragmatisms, that is, â€Å"genetics. The conclusion of the study just completed by Dr. David Reiss on adolescent development was a surprise even to the doctor himself. Genetic qualities of a person make him unique and different from other people. It is the brain’s genetic components that determine the personality of a person and since no two persons have exactly the same genes, no two people have exactly the same brain structure. Even identical twins have different personality (â€Å"How does the brain works? †). Identical twins have different fingerprints when they come forth from a single fertilized egg. Personality does not begin during infanthood as theorized by Frued but at conception, that is, fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon, to be exact. Genetics influences proved that relatively, parents have little influence on child development, that genetic is responsible on how children do well in school, how these adjusted individuals turn out, whether they develop delinquent behaviors in their interactions with other people. â€Å"It’s a radical revision of contemporary theories of child development,† says Reiss. â€Å"I can’t even describe what a paradigm shift it is (Paul, A. M. 005). â€Å" This is the reaction of a George Washington University psychiatrist, Dr. David Reiss as described in a recent article in Psychology Today Magazine, after receiving the results of his more than 12 years of study on genetic and personality development (2005). Researches say that the genetic composition of a person brings forth peculiar responses from others, which suc cessively shape his personality. It cannot be denied that a baby or a child with a bright and pleasing disposition attracts other people’s attention and affection, thus creating self-image and importance. Studies proved, children in their interaction with the environment would pick experiences and opportunities that befit their genotype or genetic qualities. They make decisions in his choices in life, like choosing his friends, jobs, etc which determine their personality as they grow older. The children are in control of their own development through the choices they made. The genes lay the foundation of personality; the environment provides the color and refraction, the accent and significance. That is the correlation of â€Å"nature and nurture (2005). † Moreover, where there is conflict between nature and nurture, problems arise. This happens when society does not permit or support the child’s expression of his natural propensities or where the environment is unable to provide enough opportunities to develop his inner potentials as when he was born to a poor family or where the child’s genetically- determined inclination collides with that of the parents. Such conflicts may result in anti-social behavior, diminished motivation and poor mental attitude. The philosophy of genetics is consistent with my view about personality and humanity. The world is a great plan, a program where everything has a purpose, an essence. The seas are what they are, to contain other living things to live. Animals survive by instincts and conditioning, no need to be counseled. A building did not exist without a reason. It was planned and erected for a definite purpose. Man came to existence by essence of choice. We are not totally free to get want we want, to act what we want to do. There is always a choice. We are only free to choose. If we want to fly, we cannot, because we are not programmed to fly. However, we are free to do something about it. However, what we willed is subject to the will of nature and chance. Chances are, our wishes and desires will not be realized. We choose our attitudes towards the things around us and give meaning to our life. We try to understand things in life but our understanding is limited. Being raised in a Christian environment, I find it in accord with my spiritual beliefs as a person, in the sense that before we came to this world, we already existed in the spirit with God. Allow me to quote a Bible verse, in Jeremiah 1:4-5: â€Å"Then the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, before I formed thee in the belly I knew the; and before thou camest forth of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations (cited in Richards, L. l979). † This may sound unscientific; however there is truth to it. It is true that even inside the womb; the baby has already his own unique personality. Darwin’s theory of evolution until now remains a theory and every theory on personality continues a concept. Structure of Therapy and Choosing Goals In choosing goals, initial assessment is very important because this is where the problems lie and where the outcome of the treatment ultimately depends. The therapist must go deeper into the root cause of the problem. Freud’s structure of personality centers on the id, ego and superego which are interrelated and based his psychoanalytic treatment on this structure. Sigmund Freud missed the foundation of the id, the genes. My structure of counseling will be based on the philosophy of genes, that no people are alike. It shall be dependent on the nature of the client’s personality. What a dilemma! I have to search for the genes that determine personality to go deeper, realization of which is next to impossibility. However, if science is unable to provide the truth about reality, philosophy can do that and spiritual beliefs do the same with the special job of construing the significance of otherworldliness within this structure. Before starting the therapy, I should consider determining the nature of the client. Knowing the client is a very important aspect of counseling. Of course I have to inquire about my client’s childhood, if feasible talk with the mother or the baby-sitter, the father and siblings. Gather all the information about the client from birth to adolescent, his fears, traits, attitudes, beliefs, desires, likes and dislikes. From there, the nurturing of the client must be dealt with also. Collect information about her/his peers, playmates, school, teachers and the environment. More or less, there is now a clearer picture of nature and nurture. After the history-taking session, the source of conflict will now be easy to determine by applying the â€Å"right brain† technique to the client. The â€Å"right brain† refers to the brain systems that fix or adjust the power to interpret, direct and get ahead in the world and also ascertain the quality and security of relationships with others. Right brain counseling centers on emotion and creativity. To bring this emotion and sensations into play, the â€Å"left brain† is used. The therapist must make use of both sides of the brain to optimize counseling. This is an approach to healing with a goal to balance the emotional, physical, moral, social and spiritual nature of a person called holistic and integrative approach. This is addressing a person as a whole in all aspects (Lacombe, S. McGraw, T. 2007). Both the therapist and the client must be comfortable with each other to arrive at a desired goal. The client must be made aware of the facts of life; that not everything we desire is attainable; that our understanding of the world is limited and that there is free will of choice; that we should not regret if we fail in our choice; that everything will pass naturally if there is acceptance. That there is always a chance to do better and the future is still fruitful and bright. That desires can be shifted to other endeavor. Learning produces alterations in gene expression. Genes contribute to behavior; in turn behavior feedbacks action on the brain and modify expression of the genes. â€Å"Thus all of nurture is ultimately expressed as nature (Kandel, E. l998)† However, I still believe that under extreme circumstances, nature predominates. Summary/Conclusion A psychotherapist must formulate his own unique standpoint based on profound precepts of knowledge. In doing so, it is necessary to be cautious about formulating a personal theory. Counselors must come to understand the nature of people and deeply look into their values, attitudes and beliefs about existence and good life. In going about choosing goals, a therapist must key out a substantially mature and functioning individual as a model. My personal theory of counseling is based on pragmatism that genetics provides the foundation of one’s personality, nurtured by his experiences and choices thereby reflecting and defining his personality development. Problems and symptoms arise as the genetic traits or characteristics of a person are in conflicts with his environment, where nature and nurture do not coincide. In learning, expressions of genes are modified thus nurture ultimately is expressed as nature.

Meaning of life Essay

A man once said†¦ â€Å" A man once said to the universe: Sir do I exist However, replied the universe the fact has not created in me a sense of obligation†. The great Philosopher Stephen Crane explained his work in existentialism by writing this quote. Existentialism is the philosophy and cultural movement that holds the starting point of philosophy. Thinking must be the individual and experiences of the individual. The quote that Stephen crane wrote, talks about how just because he exist the universe isn’t going to change just because you only exist. Your te one that has to give your life meaning. The philosophy of existentialism does not have a specific school or books. But it is a way of living your life as you want but still knowing what the consequences are. The most important human activity is decision making. Through our choices, we create our lives and become ourselves when you wake up every morning you think for yourself and make your own decision using your own thoughts and actions. No one lives forever therefore make your time worthwhile enjoy your life how you like to live it don’t let anything or anyone make decision for you. Today’s living is much commercialized. It’s all around you and always trying to convince you to do what they want, and buy what they want. The movie â€Å" Fight Cllub† is based off of the theory of existentialism. As the movie starts tyler durden is just going through the motions of living life. He keeps the same routine day in and day out. He goes to work. He hates his boss. But never has the courage to stand up for him self he does whatever the boss tells him to without questioning her. Then he goes back to his apartment that he has identical to the ikea magazine. All of his furniture, carpets, cups, covers, and chairs exactly as the pictures on the ikea magazine. He’s sitting back letting the commercializing life take over him. He doesn’t know who he is. As the movie proceeds tyler durden starts getting fed up of how he’s been living life. The moment that he himself blew up his apartment was because he wanted a whole new start and starts taking control of his life. This is where I believe he starts living the theory of existentialism. After he blows up his condo he moves to a old abanded house, and gets rid of al his commercialized material. All this came from fighting. When he fought in the â€Å"fight club† it wasn’t about winning or losing it was about letting yourself free. Fighting brought the men some indrenalum and for those minutes they fought they felt alive and forgot about all their problems. In this society Living in today’s society you have to follow a certain set of rules just to fit into the â€Å"normal† people a lot of humans in this society just sit back and watch their lives go by in their movie tyler durden helps me understand that instead of us just being spectator and watching things through our TV and magazines we should go out and be participating members of what ever you would like to do. In the book â€Å" the stranger† Meursault helped me understand the concept of existentialism. When Meursault’s mother dies. Meursault has to ask his boss for sometime off because his mother has died. Meursault tells his boss sorry for taking the time off. This makes me think that he really didn’t care that his mom passed away he seen it as a set back to his usual life. â€Å" Maman died. Or yesterday maybe I don’t know, I got a telegram from the home† when I read this it immediately gives me an impression of a lack of emotion towards the death of his mother. This lack of emotion shows the existentialist idea that we all die, it doesn’t matter what life we have while we are alive we simply exist, as Meursault did. As you keep reading the novel, You take notice that Meursault doesn’t like introducing himself with neighbors. It seems to me as if Meursault simply acts to fill his time. He is a single man that has a lot of time to fill. And he finally starts figuring out that his weekends pass by particularly slowly. The way I started noticing is Meursault started to us short sentences to convey an atmosphere showing emotion and feelings. You could really take notice of this between page 21 and 24, at the end of chapter two, when Meursault is giving a very descriptive narrative of the life outside his window on a typical Sunday. He ends the chapter by saying â€Å"one more Sunday was over†¦ nothing had changed†. Throughout the entire book â€Å"the stranger† Meursault is a very laid back guy that doesn’t let many things effect his actions. He believes everyone is just here to fill in some spots. That there is no meaning in life. Since everyone will die. But at the end of the book he is put in front of death. And this is where all his emotion comes out. He now understands that he had been mistaken that he never had anyone close to him in his life. The natural human nature is to interact with other humans, and once he was put in front of death he wished people knew who he was.

Case Study for Canady vs Walmart Essay

1. In your own words, what does pretext mean? Pretext is a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason. 2. Write a paragraph that supports the argument that Canady’s dismissal was based on racial discrimination. Canady’s would say that his dismissal was based on racial discrimination because Smith a manager introduced himself as a slave driver. Next Smith, ask Canady â€Å"What’s up, my nigga?† and was also referred to as a â€Å"lawn jockey†. He also claimed that Smith made states that all African American look alike, and that his skin color wiped off on towels. Since Canady did not report these comments when Smith made them; Smith continued to use the phase from the Rush Hour movie. He could also believe that the day we was left in the department by himself that management was discriminating against him because he was left to do all the work with no help. 3. Write a paragraph that supports that argument that Wal-Mart’s decision was based on Canady’s insubordination. Wal-Mart’s decision was based on insubordination for one Canady was eating in an area where there are policies in place that prohibits easting in the food preparation area. When asked to stop eating in the prohibited area Canady started an argument with management. After the store manager was called to help with the situation Canady continued argue loudly in front of customers and other associates. Candy did not follow the policy that does not allow employees to eat in the food preparation area and he was arguing with management in front of other was insubordination. 4. Research the case. How did the court rule? Why did they rule in this manner? The wrongful termination claim, that claim fails to make out a prima facie case in that Canady failed to establish the fourth prong (i.e. that there are facts that permit an inference of discrimination). Alternatively, even if Canady made out a prima facie case, he failed to present sufficient evidence of pretext. The fact that Smith made racially offensive remarks is of no consequence because those remarks were made outside of the decision making process. The ruling on the hostile work environment claim, the Court found that Smith’s comments are not sufficiently offensive to the actionable. The Circuit Judge Lay dissents.

Reflective your strength and weakness in administration Essay

Reflective your strength and weakness in administration - Essay Example Third, strategic direction is crucial and having a vision and mission is what operationally makes a leader succeed or fail. Strategy weighs heavy on the â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† and less so on the â€Å"where† hence it is important to have a mission and a vision that is in line with each other. Corollary to this, after planning and goal setting, administrators get things done as plans and goals are not much use if they do not materialize. Fourth and personally the most important for me, leaders naturally need to influence others and have friends that they have purposely nurtured. Admittedly, every leader requires great people around them who when challenged, take up the call, and make the most out of it. One of my administrative strengths includes micromanaging, not just people, but goals as well with a particular refinement for detail. I remember doing thus when a professor had to inspect a certain project of ours within a few weeks time. As a large project of ours with minimal team members working on it, it had a number of problem areas that were likely to receive poor grades, in particular design and its relation to the overall goal of the project. With a very short timeframe available, I would be unable to make substantial changes I have in view for the longer term. For example, developing a more strategic and novel way of communicating with other members during the planning process and taking the pressure off the acting committee head of design, currently struggling, by recruiting someone with more experience into the post will have to be postponed. I knew then that I had to focus on ensuring that my project showed itself from the best perspective in front of our professors. I had work hard with my other group members, having some sleepless nights, to ensure everything was in place- logistics have been taken care of, audiences have been ushered in well, while all

Sonny's Blues (the story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sonny's Blues (the story) - Essay Example In creating the characters of Sonny’s Blue, Baldwin has used the typical old idea of the ‘good and bad’ and made the two brothers the antagonist of each other. The elder brother, who narrates the story, is a very mature and sensible person, works as a teacher and is highly protective and concerned about his younger sibling. In contrast, the younger lad, Sonny, is said to be quite immature and does have neither the courage nor the will to withstand the pressures of the society. He deliberately indulges himself in drugs and music, considering them an escape route. Despite all the efforts the elder brother makes to help him adjust rightfully in the society, Sonny still gives in to the social pressures and becomes both a drug addict and a singer. He chooses Jazz music for his songs especially because he thinks that such a type of music allows him great liberty to express out the aggression and frustration that continues to build up inside him day by day. Brotherly love, affection and concern are what make the elder brother oppose the lifestyle the younger one has adopted. His opposition and Sonny’s stubbornness ultimately results in confrontation and conflict between the two of them and finally to an end of the friendship the two shared amongst themselves. The tension is great to such extent between the two that the younger tells the elder one to consider him dead from that moment on after they end up fighting really bad one night. Sadly, the elder brother behaves as immaturely as Sonny and turns his back on him too. It is only a whole year later that the elder one hears about Sonny, that too from a newspaper which says that he has been arrested by the police officials on charges of drug addiction. He then feels guilty and blames himself for the mess his brother has got into, thinking he should not have given up on him no matter what the circumstances were. Also,

Management case study applying 10 management theories

Management applying 10 management theories - Case Study Example Bearing in mind that the traditional methods of competitive advantage may not apply to the modern business sector, market segmentation and appropriate targeting can also act as a competitive advantage. However, to take advantage of this, the organization ought to devise reliable ways of undertaking market research, which requires the right employees who can only be acquired through recruitment and selection. Although the organization may decide to undertake internal recruitment, it is usually recommended to undertake external recruitment through advertisements, referrals, and the Internet. This provides a new set of skills for the organization that can be used to capitalize on market segmentation and targeting. In spite of this advantage, this also requires additional resources that mean additional expenses that organizations take lengthy discussions to deal with. To accomplish the required outcomes, the organization ought to understand the impact that rational decision making can have towards the realization of this quest. Rational decision making incorporates several steps that begin with the identification of a problem, formulation of alternatives, implementation of the most appropriate solution, and evaluation of the impact that the implemented solution has. In most cases, this process favors logic, analysis as well as objectivity. Since marketing is an issue in the organization, as indicated in the case study, this provides information on the problem to be resolved while the next step would involve several alternatives that may include increasing supply or even identifying areas to supply specific products. This is because the research would provide information concerning customer preferences, which is very important to organizations. Once the most appropriate step has been agreed upon and implemented, the final step is very important

Search and rescue at sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Search and rescue at sea - Essay Example The United States Coast Guard will have a definition for SAR, which defers greatly from the definition found in Australia for search and rescue. The US coast guard for example, uses a broad definition, which includes any actions taken to help a person even in potential distress using available resources. The Australian National Search and Rescue Council (NATSAR Council) uses a narrower definition (Thomas, pp. 29-33, 2007). They define SAR as serving those people who seem to be in a life-threatening situation. Their definition also emphasizes more on the fact that they provide assistance in searching and rescuing these people, rather than which resources they use (Australian National Search and Rescue Council, pp. 2, 2010). Another differing definition is the one used by the Maritime and Aeronautics Search and Rescue team of Hong Kong, who simply consider this an activity aimed to save lives (Security Bureau, pp. 3, 2006). While all these definitions differ, all these different organi zations have some basic characteristics in common. They all aim to save lives in emergencies and they do so by employing an ever-ready staff and available equipment. The importance of search and rescue is undeniable for any person. It is one field that a person living any lifestyle is bound to come across. Whether these people are present at home, in their workplaces, in the streets or in any sort of transport, they always face the risk of a life-threatening situation, during which they will need the help of a Search and Rescue agency involved. The importance of SAR is thus, imminent in the lives of every person. The importance of this issue also entails the fact that it is a social service that is often provided free of cost by the SAR volunteers, who wish for no more reward than to know that they are able to provide a valuable community service to people. Another factor (Thomas, pp. 35-41, 2007) that adds significance to the provision of this service is that

Frederick Douglass Paper Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frederick Douglass Paper Assignment - Essay Example Douglas demonstrated that his spirited desire and will to be a free man was stronger than slavery. There is a clear difference between slaves and men. Slaves are people whom masters owned. Masters also referred to as slave owners, exercised full control of their slaves’ life. Masters denied slaves any kind of freedom and were constantly at their masters’ mercy. The main difference between slaves and men is that men were people who were guaranteed their rights and freedoms. Slave owners were regarded as men while slaves were regarded as boys (Douglas 64). Douglas states that his master knew what a man or a boy was capable of. He regards his master as a man and themselves as boys (64). Men were accorded respect and referred to as a mister. Douglas refers to his slave owner as Mr. Convey. Douglas used the term mister when talking about his master (65). He has also used the term mister to refer to a certain black man who was not a slave. He referred him as Mr. Samuel Harrison (Douglas 66). This clearly draws the line between men and slaves. Douglas (68) in one of his la mentations refers himself as a boy who is owned by someone else. This shows that slaves were regarded as boys and free men and whites were regarded as men. Boys were owned by men. Boys are generally young people are owned and controlled by their parents. This is why Douglas thinks that slaves are boys because they are treated as kids. Douglas was a great man. However, he was not an exception to the brutal life of slavery. Douglas, in his life, underwent a transition from a man to a slave and from a slave to a man. Douglas wrote in his book, â€Å"You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man (69).† Douglas gives an account of how he became a slave. The reason for giving this account of events was to show the reality with slavery. The quote above appears in chapter ten of his book. He traces

New Social Movements Essay Example for Free

New Social Movements Essay To what extent do new social movements represent a challenge to established ways of conducting liberal democratic policies? In order to understand the extent of the challenge posed by new social movements to liberal democratic policy and the ways in which they are conducted one must first understand what these policies entail. These policies or principles are listed by Goodwin as: 1. Supremacy of the people. 2. Consent of the governed as the basis of legitimacy. 3. The rule of law: peaceful methods of conflict resolution. 4. The existence of the common good or public interest, 5. The value of the individual as a rational moral active citizen. 6. Equal rights for all individuals.1 The modern day concept of a liberal democracy is based on the liberalist movement of the philosophers of the eighteenth century. However the advent of past social has resulted in challenges to the ways in which liberal democracy has been and is conducted over the intervening years since that time; the suffrage movement and the American civil rights movement against segregation are two such examples. These movements were successful because those in power allowed them to succeed (admittedly with some reluctance). More recently, that is over the past twenty to thirty years new social movements have grown up. These movements are campaigning on various issues including: * Anti globalisation; the backlash against the increase in power of large corporations and the perceived lack of legislation restricting their actions. * Extremist religious groups. * Environmental change; the movement and groups pushing for greater respect for the planet in a global community. There are also many other groups which have grown up as a result of the mass movement of peoples. These groups campaign for greater minority rights, and more freedom to express cultural heritage. Heywood states additionally that these groups are a result of the post-modernist era: If the major political ideologies were in their various ways, products of modernisation [i.e. the labour movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries], the transition from a modern to a post modern society cannot but have profound significance for their [the new movements] roles and character [] post modernity [] has both thrown

Styles of leadership and their effects on motivation

Styles of leadership and their effects on motivation Leadership style could influence the different level of motivation. However, throughout a lifetime, changing ambitions and leadership style influences a persons motivation. Leader does not always go first but a clearly definition would figure out of an idea of the one who will lead, ie. Who is the leader? It is very difficult to separate out theories and concepts of Leadership and Motivation. The leader has to know how to motivate people and must look for ways to do this so as to maintain their role as a good leader. There are many theories of motivation and the leader could choose their own style of leadership in order to give the best result. Motivation The term motivation theory is concerned with the operation that describes why and how human behavior is activated and directed. It is regarded as one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. There are four writers who consider the functions performed by management, it enables us to define management and explore how thinking has changed through time. Frederick Taylor (1856 1917), he considered money to be the main motivator for workers therefore scientifically investigate how jobs are done through work study .By using piece rates to pay the workers and this kind of method was widely adopted as businesses saw the advantages of raising productivity levels and lower unit costs. The problems of using this scientific management are that it will have lack of skills required leading to loss of skills in the workforce and also power for the workers. As the duty is the same and the workers might start to found it is boring which will lead to a lower morale amongst the workforce. In addition, Taylor did not treat workers as people and he stated that money was highly important to them as many of them virtually lived on the breadline. Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could have been better motivated by their social needs whilst at work. He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile judgment and realizing that worker are enjoy interacting together. He set out an experiment to investigate how changing light and working conditions would affect productivity. At the end of the experiment, his results proved that greater communications and improved the relations could lead to an increased of productivity. It has also stated that social needs in the workplace must be recognized and the communication is vital and understanding of the informal needs of the workers. Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) was a psychologist and he is tribute to motivation and management thinking was through the Hierarchy of Needs He suggests that we all have different needs but some needs are fairly central to us. The top of hierarchy of needs is Self Actualization and this means that the ability is to fulfill ones potential. The second place would be Self esteem Self respect and the third place is social needs (belonging). The fourth one in the hierarchy is Safety and Security (secure job) and the last one is Physiological (food water, shelter, etc) Maslow believed that as you began to satisfy one set of needs you would start to have higher needs and satisfying that level of need became your motivator. All the needs are structured into a hierarchy and once a lower level of need has been fully met, a worker would be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy to be satisfied. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progressing up the hierarchy. Managers should also recognize that workers are not all motivated in the same way and does not all move up the hierarchy at the same time. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of rewards from worker to worker. Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000) argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce which would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors). Motivators factor includes sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility and intrinsic rewards. Besides, Hygiene factor includes the company policy, supervision and working conditions. Therefore, motivators are to do with the job and Hygiene factors surround the job. Herzberg has also come up with a policy called job enrichment which making the job better, allowing workers to use their skills and abilities and also to plan and make decisions over their work. Job enrichment also included bringing variety into jobs through job rotation and job enlargement. Those that are critical of Herzberg felt it was just a way of making people do more in the cooperation. Tesco was voted Employer of the Year because its solutions were seen to be more holistic. To assure that they have this and keep maintain it, Tesco have invested  £12m this year in all training schemes which are pure Herzberg motivators. For example: They have open more lines of communication between managers and staff and a scheme whereby directors and senior managers spend a week on the shop floor listening ideas and suggestions from customers and staff. When goals are eventually accomplished or milestones are reached, many people like to be able to get a reward or benefit. Some goals create by personal satisfaction upon completion naturally such as learning, growth, and self-esteem. Additional rewards such as salary increases, bonuses, and celebrations are also good reminders that individual are delighted of what they are doing. Rewards work so well as the motivating tools that worker will goes out their way to make sure they use it and develop these kinds of things that they are rewarded. The work atmosphere in general has a lot to do with employee motivation. Typically managers that treat employees in a friendly manner are adopting to get more of a positive comment. You want to work at a company with individuals that enjoy their work and like their surroundings. Employees will compare themselves to others to make sure they are being treated in a way that they perceive as fair. If an employee thinks that they are not being treated fairly, they will have a lack of motivation to work hard. Everyone likes to have a little independence and to be useful while they are working. Certain control is always needed, but flexibility is appreciated. Employees and coworkers are also happy when they feel like they are fit it in a group and are able to be themselves. This would goes back to the basis needs that human strive to fulfill. Leadership In order to be a leader, it is important to understand what motivates the employees around you. It is necessary to discover the fundamental needs that employees, coworkers, and bosses have. All people have a need for a basic income and necessities. Additionally, they need a deep social connection and friendships. People want to fit in somewhere and feel as if they belong. Another large category of human need is the need for growth and challenges. A worker would get attract to a job by high salary and may find their job dissatisfying if they are unable to have friendships and connect with other people at work. It is much easier to lead and motivate if you understand what peoples undeniable needs are. Autocratic leadership style is the one in which the manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. Employees are expected to obey orders without receiving any explanations. This motivation environment is produced by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. This leadership style has been greatly criticized during the past 30 years. Some studies stated that organizations with many autocratic leaders would have higher turnover and absenteeism than other organizations. Autocratic leaders always rely on the threats and punishment to influence employee, they do not trust employee and not allowing them to make their own decision. Yet, autocratic leadership is not all bad. Sometimes it is the most effective style to use when there is an effective supervision can be provided only through detailed orders and instructions, only limited time in which to make a decision, and the area was poorly managed. The autocratic leadership style should not be used when employees expect to have their opinions heard and when there is low employee morale, high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage. The democratic leadership style is to encourage employees to be a part of the decision making. The democratic manager keeps his or her employees informed about everything that would influence their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the manager to be a leader who has the final decision, but will gathers information from staff members before making the decision. Democratic leadership can always produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time. Many employees like the trust that they receive and respond with cooperation, team spirit, and high morale. To be a democratic leader, it needs to have a develop plans to help employees evaluate their own performance, allow employees to establish goals and encourages employees to grow on the job and be promoted. However, democratic style is not always suitable to all organization. In order to have the most effective is when used with highly skilled or experienced employees or when implementing operational changes or resolving individual or group problems. This leadership style could be used when the leader wants employees to share their decision-making and problem-solving duties. Also, the leader might wants to provide some opportunities for employees to develop a high sense of personal growth and job satisfaction which would increase their morale at work. Yet democratic leadership should not be used when there is not enough time to get everyones input and sometimes it is easier and cost-effective for the manager to make the final decision. The laissez-faire leadership style is also known as the hands-off ¨ style. It is the one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the workers and they must make decisions, determine goals, and resolve problems on their own. This is an effective style to use when employees have self-esteem in their work and it leads to a successfully done on their own. Furthermore, this leadership style should not be used when the manager cannot provide constant feedback to let employees know how successful they have done and also should not be used when the manager does not understand his or her responsibilities and is hoping the employees can cover for him or her. Bureaucratic leadership is where the manager manages by the book ¨ everything must be done according to procedure or policy. If it isnt covered by the book, the manager refers to the next level above him or her. This manager is more of a police officer than an employees leader. He or she executes the rules. This style will only be the most effective when employees need to understand certain policy or procedures, and when they are working with dangerous or fragile equipment that requires a definite set of procedures in order to get it operate. However, it is possibly to have a negative effect when employees lose their interest in their jobs and employees do only what is expected of them and no more after they done the duty. Being a staff member for Tesco is not about just getting good wages but offering great opportunities to retain the employees motivate. Tesco give free shares to everyone whos worked with the company for one year and these Tesco shares are held in trust for five years, and after that you can take them. Development programs specifically designed to help employees to gain the experience and skills that they need to move on to the next Tesco challenge. It aims to develop a combination of leadership, and operating skills through the job experiences and a clear process that is designed to provide clear comments. Motivation and leadership Leadership and motivational qualities are excellent to have not only amid management in a business, but among employees as well. Many individuals tend to have a propensity to be leaders, while some learn successful leadership behaviors and go on to be effective leaders. Leading is the ability to influence others in a group. Being a good leader, it got to takes a good understanding of what motivates others. Leaders want to influence things to continue or create some changes. Either way it will takes a person with certain skills to do the work. In my opinion, it is extremely important for a leader to recognize and understand the motivational process.   This process is what inspires followers into desired actions.   Without motivation followers would presumably not act and they would have no reason to act.   Maslow in Kolb, Osland, Rubin Book (2001) discusses several common motivating factors.   Some people are motivated by achievement and some by a need for power.   If a follower is motivated by achievement needs such as the need for endorsement, then rewarding this follower with power might not be very effective.  Maslow in Ott (1996) discusses that mans requirements is to meet needs in a hierarchical order.   Physiological needs are first, then safety needs, followed by ego needs, growth needs and, finally by self actualization needs.   Therefore, individual motivation comes from a wide variety of factors.   If the leader does not recognize the motivational needs of followers, the leader may be ineffect ive.  Ã‚   An overly controlling style de-motivates and could results in poor delivery. Although intended to boost the performance level, but this style is perceived as lacking trust. Eventually individuals will lose their motivation to make decisions at one point, which leaders see as proof of poor performance and so the cycle is reinforced. Alternatively, leaders can treat individuals as good performers and use a more motivational style allowing greater deliberation. Praising outputs, asking opinions and giving interesting assignments, for example, in turn reinforce a motivational cycle. People are motivated when they feel they are at the centre of things rather than outside and so leaders are told to be participative, not directive. As a rule, experienced team members need less direction and in our energetic, networked organizations, and individuals must be self-manageable. The aim of this is to motivate people to become self-directing business participants. Conclusion Both leadership styles have their advantages and disadvantages for the organization as a whole. On one hand, democratic decisions may benefit the work morale of team members and have a positive effect on the climate within a hierarchical organization. On the other hand, democratic decisions may result in ignoring more efficient but less socially accepted options and have a negative influence on the team results. Sometimes autocratic decisions may undermine work morale. However, by making an unpopular decision, leaders might be able to reach team goals in the most efficient way which benefits both leaders themselves as well as their subordinates. In our experiment, we find that autocratic and democratic decisions appear to be equally profitable for both teams as a whole. Nevertheless, while leaders receive essentially the same payoff from autocratic and democratic decisions, ordinary players earn much more money from democratic style rather than from autocratic leadership decisions. Increasingly however, development programs and leadership training courses are putting motivation centre-stage. We are all motivated by the people surround us and motivation is increasingly important in these uncertain times to help people perform at their maximum level. Motivation theories, considered old hat by many leaders, have been around for more than 40 years. Recently these theories have slid off the leadership agenda through the belief that people should be totally self-motivating. Furthermore, the ability to increase peoples motivation is not always used in the right way. Leadership should not be based on lies, trickery, or manipulation. When leading other individuals it is important that they are all getting a benefit out of their own actions and it is very important to be honest and treating others well at all times.